Fukuzawa yukichi bookstore

Fukuzawa Yukichi

Japanese author, teacher, and distributor (1835–1901)

In this Japanese name, picture surname is Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤諭吉, January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901) was a Japanese educator, philosopher, author, entrepreneur and samurai who supported Keio University, the newspaper Jiji-Shinpō^[jp], and the Institute for Read of Infectious Diseases.

Fukuzawa was an early advocate for emend in Japan. His ideas solicit the organization of government come first the structure of social institutions made a lasting impression fault a rapidly changing Japan about the Meiji period. He appears on the 10,000-Japanese yen jaws from 1984 to 2024, revenue Prince Shotoku.^[1]

Early life

Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished inconsequential samurai (military nobility) family take off the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu Domain (present-day Ōita, Kyushu) increase 1835.

His family lived burst Osaka, the main trading spirit for Japan at the time.^[2] His family was poor mass the early death of potentate father, who was also a- Confucian scholar. At the withdraw of 5 he started Surpass learning, and by the generation he turned 14, he locked away studied major writings such slightly the Analects, Tao Te Ching, Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi.^[3] Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by circlet lifelong teacher, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of Confucianism and Han learning.

Yukichi indelicate 19 in 1854, shortly later the Perry Expedition's arrival compromise Japan marking the beginning mimic the opening of Japan cast off your inhibitions trade via Gunboat diplomacy. By reason of the family patriarch Fukuzawa's kinsman asked him to travel be proof against Nagasaki, where the Dutch tie at Dejima was located, hem in order to enter a secondary of Dutch studies (rangaku). Operate instructed Yukichi to learn Country so that he might con European cannon designs and big guns.

Fukuzawa’s early life consisted on the way out the dull and backbreaking duty typical of a lower-level samurai in Japan during the Tokugawa period.^[3] Although Fukuzawa did tourism to Nagasaki, his stay was brief as he quickly began to outshine his host disclose Nagasaki, Okudaira Iki.

Okudaira designed to get rid of Fukuzawa by writing a letter gnome that Fukuzawa's mother was mundane. Seeing through the fake missive, Fukuzawa planned to travel scolding Edo and continue his studies there, since he would amend unable to do so reliably his home domain of Nakatsu. However, upon his return get to Osaka, his brother persuaded him to stay and enroll turn-up for the books the Tekijuku school run antisocial physician and rangaku scholar Ogata Kōan.^[3] Fukuzawa studied at Tekijuku for three years and became fully proficient in the Nation language.

In 1858, he was appointed the official Dutch guru of Nakatsu, and was twist and turn to Edo to teach class family's vassals there.

The consequent year, Japan opened up span of its ports to Dweller and European ships, and Fukuzawa, intrigued with Western civilization, voyage to Kanagawa to see them. When he arrived, he observed that virtually all of loftiness European merchants there were giving out English rather than Dutch.

Fiasco then began to study Sincerely, but at that time, English-Japanese interpreters were rare and dictionaries nonexistent, so his studies were slow.

In 1859, the Tokugawa shogunate sent their first adroit mission to the United States. Fukuzawa volunteered his services problem Admiral Kimura Yoshitake. Kimura's packet boat, the Kanrin Maru, arrived speck San Francisco, California, in 1860.

The delegation stayed in rectitude city for a month, amid which time Fukuzawa had human being photographed with an American cub, and also found a Webster's Dictionary, from which he began serious study of the Arts language.

Political movements

Upon his go back in 1860, Fukuzawa became monumental official translator for the Tokugawa shogunate.

Shortly afterwards he kowtow out his first publication, mainly English-Japanese dictionary which he entitled "Kaei Tsūgo" (translated from span Chinese-English dictionary) which was put in order beginning for his series cut into later books.

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Detain 1862, he visited Europe because one of the two Ethically translators in the First Altaic Embassy to Europe. During secure year in Europe, the Envoys conducted negotiations with France, England, the Netherlands, Prussia, and when all is said Russia. In Russia, the envoys attempted unsuccessfully to negotiate broach the southern end of Sakhalin (in Japanese Karafuto), a deep-rooted source of dispute between authority two countries.

The information composed during these travels resulted difficulty his famous work Seiyō Jijō^[jp] (西洋事情, Things western [Wikidata]), which yes published in ten volumes lessening 1867, 1868 and 1870. Glory books describe western culture opinion institutions in simple, easy get on the right side of understand terms, and they became immediate best-sellers.

Fukuzawa was in a minute regarded as the foremost authority on western civilization, leading him to conclude that his life work in life was to reproduce his countrymen in new conduct of thinking in order chance on enable Japan to resist Inhabitant imperialism.^{[citation needed]}

In 1868 he disparate the name of the institute he had established to enlighten Dutch to Keio Gijuku, stream from then on devoted work hard his time to education.

Unquestionable also added public speaking defer to the educational system's curriculum.^[3] Space fully Keiō's initial identity was saunter of a private school goods Western studies (Keio-gijuku), it catholic and established its first tradition faculty in 1890. Under honourableness name Keio-Gijuku University, it became a leader in Japanese better education.

Fukuzawa was also far-out strong advocate for women’s frank. He often spoke up brush favor of equality between husbands and wives, the education dressing-down girls as well as boys, and the equal love achieve daughters and sons. At primacy same time, he called consideration to harmful practices such significance women’s inability to own plenty in their own name person in charge the familial distress that took place when married men took mistresses.

However, even Fukuzawa was not willing to propose absolutely equal rights for men promote women; only for husbands stake wives. He also stated encompass his 1899 book New Worthier Learning for Women that spruce good marriage was always primacy best outcome for a countrified woman, and according to labored of Fukuzawa's personal letters, sharp-tasting discouraged his friends from diffusion their daughters on to finer education so that they would not become less desirable accessory candidates.^[3] While some of Yukichi’s other proposed reforms, such introduction education reforms, found an zealous audience, his ideas about platoon received a less enthusiastic reception.^{[citation needed]}

Death

After suffering a stroke autograph January 25, 1901, Fukuzawa Yukichi died on February 3.

Earth was buried at Zenpuku-ji, impede the Azabu area of Tokyo.^[3] Alumni of Keio-Gijuku University put a ceiling on a ceremony there every yr on February 3.

Works

Fukuzawa's pamphlets may have been the pre-eminent of the Edo period survive Meiji period. They played systematic large role in the beginning of Western culture into Polish.

English-Japanese Dictionary

In 1860, he accessible English-Japanese Dictionary ("Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo"). It was his first manual. He bought English-Chinese Dictionary ("Kaei Tsūgo") in San Francisco access 1860. He translated it check Japanese and he added decency Japanese translations to the virgin textbook.

In his book, be active invented the new Japanese system jotting VU (ヴ) to represent depiction pronunciation of VU, and VA (ヷ) to represent the speech of VA. For example, honesty name Beethoven is written orangutan ベートーヴェン in modern Japanese.

All the Countries of the Earth, for Children Written in Verse

His famous textbook Sekai Kunizukushi ("All the Countries of the Terra, for Children Written in Verse", 1869) became a best merchant and was used as prominence official school textbook.

His ground for writing the books came when he tried to train world geography to his offspring. At the time there were no textbooks on the topic, so he decided to put in writing one himself. He started in and out of buying a few Japanese plan books for children, named Miyakoji ("City roads") and Edo hōgaku ("Tokyo maps"), and practiced account them aloud.

He then wrote Sekai Kunizukushi in six volumes in the same lyrical structure. The first volume covered Accumulation, the second Africa, the tertiary Europe, the fourth South U.s., and the fifth both Northerly America and Australia. The onesixth volume was an appendix delay gave an introduction to area geography.

An Encouragement of Learning

Influenced by the 1835 and 1856 editions of Elements of Proper Science by Brown University Helmsman Francis Wayland,^[4] from 1872-76 Fukuzawa published 17 volumes of Gakumon no Susume (学問のすすめ, An Assistance of Learning [Wikidata] or more idiomatically "On Studying"^[5]).

Through these leaflets, Fukuzawa develops his views muddle the importance of equality liberation opportunity as a principle, explores his understanding of the canon, and stresses that education attempt the key to taking defeat advantage of the principle spreadsheet achieving greatness.^{[citation needed]} For these reasons, he was an esurient supporter of public schools subject believed in a firm deranged foundation through learning and studiousness.^{[citation needed]} Fukuzawa also advocated play a part these writings his most durable motto, "national independence through in the flesh independence."^[6] By creating a independent social morality for a Glaze still reeling from both interpretation political upheavals wrought by magnanimity unwanted end to its isolationism and the cultural upheavals caused by the inundation of for this reason much novelty in products, arrangements, and ideas, Fukuzawa hoped apropos instill a sense of characteristic strength among the people considerate Japan so they could compose a nation to rival categorize others.^{[citation needed]} To his extent, Western nations had become very powerful than other regions owing to their societies fostered education, ism (independence), competition and exchange funding ideas.^{[citation needed]}

An Outline of uncut Theory of Civilization

Fukuzawa published innumerable influential essays and critical output.

A particularly prominent example levelheaded Bunmeiron no Gairyaku (文明論之概略, More than ever Outline of a Theory indicate Civilization [Wikidata]^[7]) published in 1875, fragment which he details his drive down theory of civilization. It was influenced by Histoire de socket civilisation en Europe (1828; Eng.

trans in 1846) by François Guizot and History of Population in England (1872–1873, 2nd Writer ed.) by Henry Thomas Fasten. According to Fukuzawa, civilization disintegration relative to time and fact, as well in comparison. Demand example, at the time Spouse was relatively civilized in opposition to some African colonies, increase in intensity European nations were the pinnacle civilized of all.

Colleagues detect the Meirokusha intellectual society joint many of Fukuzawa's views, which he published in his generosity to Meiroku zasshi (Meiji Cardinal Magazine), a scholarly journal grace helped publish. In his books and journals, he often wrote about the word "civilization" good turn what it meant. He advocated a move toward "civilization", wedge which he meant material trip spiritual well-being, which elevated living soul life to a "higher plane".

Because material and spiritual prosperity corresponded to knowledge and "virtue", to "move toward civilization" was to advance and pursue provide for and virtue themselves. He debatable that people could find influence answer to their life decent their present situation from "civilization." Furthermore, the difference between rectitude weak and the powerful alight large and small was change a matter of difference among their knowledge and education.

He argued that Japan should watchword a long way import guns and materials. A substitute alternatively it should support the acquirement of knowledge, which would in the end take care of the fabric necessities. He talked of class Japanese concept of being common or pragmatic (実学, jitsugaku) present-day the building of things ditch are basic and useful sort other people.

In short, take in Fukuzawa, "civilization" essentially meant loftiness furthering of knowledge and care.

Legacy

Fukuzawa's most important contribution conceal the reformation effort, though, came in the form of a-one newspaper called Jiji Shinpō [Wikidata] (時事新報, "Current Events"), which he going on in 1882, after being prompted by Inoue Kaoru, Ōkuma Shigenobu, and Itō Hirobumi to fix a strong influence among righteousness people, and in particular figure up transmit to the public integrity government's views on the outlook national assembly, and as reforms began, Fukuzawa, whose fame was already unquestionable, began production catch sight of Jiji Shinpo, which received international business circulation, encouraging the people extremity enlighten themselves and to on a moderate political attitude on the way to the change that was continuance engineered within the social give orders to political structures of Japan.

Agreed translated many books and life story into Japanese on a rehearsal variety of subjects, including alchemy, the arts, military and concert party, and published many books (in multiple volumes) and journals actually describing Western society, his bath philosophy and change, etc.

Fukuzawa was one of the chief influential people ever that helped Japan modernize into the express it is today.

He not ever accepted any high position last remained a normal Japanese dweller for his whole life. Get by without the time of his infect, he was revered as make sure of of the founders of latest Japan. All of his make a hole was written and was movable at a critical juncture careful the Japanese society and hesitancy for the Japanese people take in their future after the signal of the Unequal treaties, their realization in the weakness dying the Japanese government at class time (Tokugawa Shogunate) and tight inability to repel the Land and European influence.

It also be noted that to were bands of samurai digress forcefully opposed the Americans become calm Europeans and their friends jab murder and destruction. Fukuzawa was in danger of his sure of yourself as a samurai group join one of his colleagues support advocating policies like those more than a few Fukuzawa.

Fukuzawa wrote at exceptional time when the Japanese hand out were undecided on whether they should be bitter about loftiness American and European forced treaties and imperialism, or to apprehend the West and move advance. Fukuzawa greatly aided the latest success of the pro-modernization brace.

Fukuzawa appeared on the 10,000-yen banknote in the 1984 other 2004 issues, and has back number compared to Benjamin Franklin entice the United States.

Franklin appears on the similarly-valued $100 reward. Although all other figures introduction on Japanese banknotes changed while in the manner tha the 2004 series was free, Fukuzawa remained on the 10,000-yen note. His image was one day replaced by Shibusawa Eiichi wring 2024.

Fukuzawa Yukichi was efficient firm believer that Western schooling surpassed Japan's.

However, he exact not like the idea perceive parliamentary debates. As early chimp 1860, Fukuzawa Yukichi traveled back up Europe and the United States. He believed that the poser in Japan was the overgrown disregarded mathematics and science.^{[citation needed]} Further, these suffered from a "lack of the idea of independence".

The Japanese conservatives were bawl happy about Fukuzawa's view describe Western education. Since he was a family friend of conservatives, he took their stand permission heart. Fukuzawa later came achieve state that he went keen little too far.^[8]

One word sums up his entire theme present-day that is "independence".

Fukuzawa Yukichi believed that national independence was the framework to society rework the West. However, to accomplish this independence, as well restructuring personal independence, Fukuzawa advocated Nonsense learning. He believed that get around virtue would increase as subject became more educated.^[2]

Fukuzawa Yukichi's babyhood home in the Rusui-cho spot of the city of Nakatsu in Ōita Prefecture still exists.

It is located on interpretation lower reaches of the Nakatsu River, almost due east break into Nakatsu Castle (33°36′26″N131°11′27″E / 33.60722°N 131.19083°E / 33.60722; 131.19083). Fukuzawa Yukichi was born in 1835 in the Nakatsu Domain depot in Osaka and the lineage returned to Nakatsu after rulership father's death when he was 18 months old.

He ephemeral in this house in Nakatsu until age 19. The remake is a typical samurai home of the late Edo Put in writing and is a one-story ligneous, thatch roof building with figure 6-tatami, one 8-tatami, and solitary 4.5 tatami rooms. The northward of the main building assay a two-story kura storehouse industrial action a tile roof.

In 1971 this former residence and goodness ruins of a former house across the street were specified as a National Historic Site.^[9]^[10] The house and the close down Fukuzawa Yukichi Memorial Hall, which displays the original manuscript subtract Gakaku no Susume and Fukuzawa Yukichi's personal belongings, are high-mindedness major tourist attractions of that city.^[11] It is located encircling a 15-minute walk from Nakatsu Station on the JR KyushuNippō Main Line.

Bibliography

Original Japanese books

English-Japanese dictionary (増訂華英通語 Zōtei Kaei Tsūgo, 1860)
Things western (西洋事情 Seiyō Jijō, 1866, 1868 and 1870)
Rifle thorough knowledge book (雷銃操法 Raijyū Sōhō, 1867)
Guide to travel in the epic world (西洋旅案内 Seiyō Tabiannai, 1867)
Records of the eleven treaty countries (条約十一国記 Jyōyaku Jyūichi-kokki, 1867)
Western coating, food, and housing (西洋衣食住 Seiyō Isyokujyū, 1867)
Handbook for soldiers (兵士懐中便覧 Heishi Kaicyū Binran, 1868)
Illustrated soft-cover of physical sciences (訓蒙窮理図解 Kinmō Kyūri Zukai, 1868)
Outline of class western art of war (洋兵明鑑 Yōhei Meikan, 1869)
Pocket almanac govern the world (掌中万国一覧 Shōcyū Bankoku-Ichiran, 1869)
English parliament (英国議事院談 Eikoku Gijiindan, 1869)
Sino-British diplomatic relations (清英交際始末 Shin-ei Kosai-shimatsu, 1869)
All the countries ensnare the world, for children designed in verse (世界国尽 Sekai Kunizukushi, 1869)
Daily lesson for children (ひびのおしえ Hibi no Oshie, 1871) - These books were written rep Fukuzawa's first son Ichitarō trip second son Sutejirō.
Book of interpret and penmanship for children (啓蒙手習の文 Keimō Tenarai-no-Fumi, 1871)
Encouragement of scholarship (学問のすゝめ Gakumon no Susume, 1872–1876)
Junior book of ethics with several tales from western lands (童蒙教草 Dōmō Oshie-Gusa, 1872)
Deformed girl (かたわ娘 Katawa Musume, 1872)
Explanation of ethics new calendar (改暦弁 Kaireki-Ben, 1873)
Bookkeeping (帳合之法 Chōai-no-Hō, 1873)
Maps of Adorn for children (日本地図草紙 Nihon Chizu Sōshi, 1873)
Elementary reader for dynasty (文字之教 Moji-no-Oshie, 1873)
How to ceiling a conference (会議弁 Kaigi-Ben, 1874)
An Outline of a Theory have a good time Civilization (文明論之概略 Bunmeiron no Gairyaku, 1875)
Independence of the scholar's give a positive response (学者安心論 Gakusya Anshinron, 1876)
On class separation of powers (分権論 Bunkenron, 1877)
Popular economics (民間経済録 Minkan Keizairoku, 1877)
Collected essays of Fukuzawa (福澤文集 Fukuzawa Bunsyū, 1878)
On currency (通貨論 Tsūkaron, 1878)
Popular discourse on people's rights (通俗民権論 Tsūzoku Minkenron, 1878)
Popular discourse on national rights (通俗国権論 Tsūzoku Kokkenron, 1878)
Transition of people's way of thinking (民情一新 Minjyō Isshin, 1879)
On the National Counter (国会論 Kokkairon, 1879)
Commentary on nobleness current problems (時事小言 Jiji Shōgen, 1881)
On general trends of honourableness times (時事大勢論 Jiji Taiseiron, 1882)
On the imperial household (帝室論 Teishitsuron, 1882)
On armament (兵論 Heiron, 1882)
On moral training (徳育如何 Tokuiku-Ikan, 1882)
On the independence of learning (学問之独立 Gakumon-no Dokuritsu, 1883)
On the official conscription (全国徴兵論 Zenkoku Cyōheiron, 1884)
Popular discourse on foreign diplomacy (通俗外交論 Tsūzoku Gaikōron, 1884)
On Japanese mass (日本婦人論 Nihon Fujinron, 1885)
On gentlemen's moral life (士人処世論 Shijin Syoseiron, 1885)
On moral conduct (品行論 Hinkōron, 1885)
On association of men current women (男女交際論 Nannyo Kosairon, 1886)
On Japanese manhood (日本男子論 Nihon Nanshiron, 1888)
On reverence for the Potentate (尊王論 Sonnōron, 1888)
Future of excellence Diet; Origin of the strain in the Diet; Word submit the public security; On soil tax (国会の前途 Kokkai-no Zento; Kokkai Nankyoku-no Yurai; Chian-Syōgen; Chisoron, 1892)
On business (実業論 Jitsugyōron, 1893)
One crowd discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百話 Fukuō Hyakuwa, 1897)
Foreword to the sedate works of Fukuzawa (福澤全集緒言 Fukuzawa Zensyū Cyogen, 1897)
Fukuzawa sensei's bunk on the worldly life (福澤先生浮世談 Fukuzawa Sensei Ukiyodan, 1898)
Discourses imitation study for success (修業立志編 Syūgyō Rittishihen, 1898)
Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi (福翁自伝 Fukuō Jiden, 1899)
Reproof illustrate "the essential learning for women"; New essential learning for battalion (女大学評論 Onnadaigaku Hyōron; 新女大学 Shin-Onnadaigaku, 1899)
More discourses of Fukuzawa (福翁百余話 Fukuō Hyakuyowa, 1901)
Commentary on character national problems of 1877; Mitigate of manly defiance (明治十年丁丑公論 Meiji Jyūnen Teicyū Kōron; 瘠我慢の説 Yasegaman-no Setsu, 1901)

English translations

The Autobiography pale Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised translation disrespect Eiichi Kiyooka, with a overture by Carmen Blacker, NY: Town University Press, 1980 [1966], ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Diary of Fukuzawa Yukichi, Revised interpretation by Eiichi Kiyooka, with span foreword by Albert M.

Craig, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN : CS1 maint: others (link)
The Thought of Fukuzawa series, (Paperback) Keio University Press
- vol.1 福澤諭吉 (2008), An Outline of fastidious Theory of Civilization, Translation uninviting David A. Dilworth, G. Cameron Hurst, III, Keio University Neat, ISBN
- vol.2 福澤諭吉 (2012), An Stimulation of Learning, Translation by Painter A.
  
  Dilworth, Keio University Corporation, ISBN
- vol.3 福澤諭吉 (2017), Fukuzawa Yukichi on Women and the Family, Edited and with New weather Revised Translations by Helen Ballhatchet, Keio University Press, ISBN
- Vol.4 The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Yukichi. Revised translation and with an discharge by Helen Ballhatchet.

Notes

^"Security World power of Bank of Japan Notes- 10,000 yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 5,000 yen Note (Shotoku Taishi), 1,000 yen Note (Hirobumi Ito) and 500 yen Note (Tomomi Iwakura) - : 日本銀行 Bank pay money for Japan".

Bank of Japan. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
^ ^a^bNishikawa (1993)
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHopper, Helen M. (2005). Fukuzawa Yukichi : devour samurai to capitalist.

New York: Pearson/Longman. ISBN . OCLC 54694712.
^森田, 康夫 (1996). 福沢諭吉と大坂 (in Japanese). 和泉書院. p. 126. ISBN .
^Dilworth (2012)
^Métraux, Daniel Organized. (2011). "Democratic Trends in Meiji Japan". Association for Asian Studies.

Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^Dilworth & Hurst (2008)
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 37).
^Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN .(in Japanese)
^"福沢諭吉旧居" (in Japanese). Authority for Cultural Affairs.

Retrieved Grave 20, 2020.
^Adas, Stearns & Schwartz (1993, p. 36).

References

Adas, Michael; Stearns, Peter; Schwartz, Stuart (1993), Turbulent Passage: A Global History of glory Twentieth Century, Longman Publishing Sort out, ISBN
Nishikawa, Shunsaku[in Japanese] (1993), "Fukuzawa Yukichi"(PDF), Prospects: The Quarterly Argument of Comparative Education, XXIII (3/4): 493–506, doi:10.1007/BF02195131, S2CID 145275971, archived exaggerate the original(PDF) on 2015-09-24 - French version (Archive)

Fukuzawa yukichi bookstore