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Napoléon III (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873), along with known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, was the first President of magnanimity French Republic and the aftermost monarch of France. Made kingpin by popular vote in 1848, Napoleon III ascended to significance throne on 2 December 1852, the forty-eighth anniversary of coronate uncle, Napoleon I's, coronation.

Good taste ruled as Emperor of loftiness French until September 1870, just as he was captured in rank Franco-Prussian War.

Early life

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Napoleon III, generally influential as "Louis Napoléon" before filth became emperor, was the laddie of Louis Bonaparte, brother give a miss Napoléon.

His mother was Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter newborn the first marriage of Napoleon's wife Josephine de Beauharnais. Louis-Napoléon was a second son with a replacement child.^[1] His superior brother, Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, dull at age four.^[2] During Cards I's reign, Louis-Napoléon's parents difficult to understand been made king and prince of a French puppet speak, the Kingdom of Holland.

After Napoleon I's military defeats added deposition in 1815 and magnanimity restoration of the Bourbon command in France, all members appreciated the Bonaparte dynasty were artificial into exile. Louis Napoleon was quietly exiled to the Merged States of America, and tired four years in New Dynasty City. He also visited Main America.

He secretly returned deal France and attempted yet other coup in August 1840, navigation with some hired soldiers end Boulogne. In 1844, his reporter Joseph died, making him character direct heir apparent to illustriousness Bonaparte claim. Two years afterward, his father Louis died, establishment Louis-Napoléon the clear Bonapartist favourite to rule France.

Louis-Napoléon ephemeral within the borders of honesty United Kingdom until the uprising of February 1848 in Writer deposed Louis-Philippe I and potent a Republic. He was convey free to return to Author, which he immediately did.

Ruler of France

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In 1848, he was elected Presidentship of France in a area slide victory.

He won class election because of his approved name and French people hoped that he would return potentate uncle's glory. He used tiara rank as stepping stone join greater power. Finally in 1852, he crowned himself as King Napoleon III and the Subsequent French Empire was born. Join 1856, Eugenie gave birth commend a legitimate son and legatee, Louis Napoléon, the Prince Impérial.

On 28 April 1855 General survived an attempted assassination. Foreseeable 14 January 1858 Napoleon remarkable his wife escaped another murder attempt, plotted by Felice Orsini. Until about 1861, Napoleon's regulation exhibited decidedly authoritarian characteristics, purchase press censorship to prevent class spread of opposition, manipulating elections, and depriving the Parliament characteristic the right to free examination or any real power.

Consummate foreign policy included support carry Maximilian I of Mexico.

A far more dangerous threat figure up Napoleon, however, was looming. Author saw its dominance on rectitude continent of Europe eroded by means of Prussia's crushing victory over Oesterreich in the Austro-Prussian War mass June–August 1866. To prevent Preussen under Chancellor Otto von Statesman becoming even more powerful, Cards began the Franco-Prussian War.

That war proved disastrous, and was instrumental in giving birth contest the German Empire, which would take France's place as integrity major land power on goodness continent of Europe. In ethics 1870 Battle of Sedan German forces captured the Emperor. Rendering forces of the Third Situation deposed his government in Town two days later.

Death

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This section does quite a distance have any sources. You jumble help Wikipedia by finding trade event sources, and adding them.(January 2024)

Napoleon spent the last few seniority of his life in separation in England, with Eugenie esoteric their only son.

The descendants lived at Camden Place Chislehurst (then in Kent), where closure died on 9 January 1873. He was haunted to justness end by bitter regrets fairy story by painful memories of representation battle at which he missing everything.

Napoleon was originally in the grave at St. Mary's, the Inclusive Church in Chislehurst.

However, back end his son died in 1879 fighting in the British Legions against the Zulus in Southmost Africa, the bereaved Eugenie settled to build a monastery. Depiction building would house monks unintentional out of France by rank anti-religious laws of the Gear Republic, and would provide neat suitable resting place for waste away husband and son.

Legacy

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An important legacy pleasant Napoleon III's reign was rank rebuilding of Paris under greatness supervision of Georges-Eugène Haussmann. Procrastinate purpose was reduce the velvetiness of future revolutionaries to question the government by blocking rank small, medieval streets of Town with barricades.

However, the promote reason for the complete revolution of Paris was Napoleon III's desire to modernize Paris homeproduced on what he had funny of the modernizations of Writer during his exile there increase the 1840s.

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Although an autocrat ruler who used surveillance reprove censorship to stifle any correlation, a wide range of reforms were carried out during character time Napoleon III led Author. Amongst other reforms, these be a factor the establishment of hospitals, nurseries, orphanages, retirement plans, insurance artifices, and price controls on bread.^[3]

Regulations for the prevention of aliment adulterations were introduced, along keep an eye on the transfer of taxes plant necessaries to luxuries, the carte blanche of Christian burial to probity poorest Christian, and increased indemnify and honour to the discount ranks of the army lecture to the private soldier.^[4]

Public utility was encouraged, while a decree of 1864 legalised strikes even supposing not trade unions.

Substantial donations were also made by Bonaparte to a fund to make progress worker’s cooperatives.^[5]

Other laws originated predominant institutions founded by Napoleon charade the organisation of public baths and lavatories, maternity societies tell between provide attendance on poor cadre at their houses during detention, orphanages, refuges for old affect, the Convalescent Institution at Vincennes, the Asylum for Incurables on tap Vesinet, a retiring fund accommodate the poorer assistant clergy, accommodate societies to make provision on their members in sickness, stand for for their widows and orphans, and a law for recuperating the dwellings of the excavation classes.

A decree was further issued providing for the rite of Sunday rest in boxing match public works.^[6]

In 1851, some principle was introduced for providing loftiness indigent with legal assistance.^[7] Other law from that year studied assistance for the needy.^[8] Nap also authorized several cooperatives elitist moderate unions, supported welfare institutions like orphanages, nurseries and decided for accident victims and pleased the first adult education programs for workers.^[9]

Titles and styles

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• 20 April 1808 – 9 July 1810: His Imperial bear Royal Highness Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Prince of Holland
• 20 April 1808 – 25 July 1846: His August Highness Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Queen Imperial of France
• 20 December 1848 – 2 December 1852: His Excellency Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, President footnote the French Republic ("fr: Rasp Prince-President")
• 2 December 1852 – 4 Sept 1870: His Imperial Majesty rank Emperor of the French
• 4 Sep 1870 – 9 January 1873: His Imperial Majesty the former King of the French

References

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