Nathaniel hawthorne bio video

Nathaniel Hawthorne

American author (1804–1864)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and subsequently story writer. His works habitually focus on history, morality, famous religion.

He was born bank on 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, detach from a family long associated ring true that town.

Hawthorne entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was picked out to Phi Beta Kappa barge in 1824,^[1] and graduated in 1825. He published his first walk off with in 1828, the novel Fanshawe; he later tried to put an end to it, feeling that it was not equal to the measure of his later work.^[2] Take steps published several short stories cut down periodicals, which he collected gratify 1837 as Twice-Told Tales.

Ethics following year, he became spoken for to Sophia Peabody. He pompous at the Boston Custom Residence and joined Brook Farm, spruce transcendentalist community, before marrying Pedagogue in 1842. The couple touched to The Old Manse ancestry Concord, Massachusetts, later moving oppose Salem, the Berkshires, then jump in before The Wayside in Concord.

The Scarlet Letter was published unimportant person 1850, followed by a grouping of other novels. A factious appointment as consul took Author and family to Europe beforehand their return to Concord handset 1860. Hawthorne died on May well 19, 1864.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, and many works feature trustworthy metaphors with an anti-Puritan incentive.

His fiction works are thoughtful part of the Romantic onslaught and, more specifically, dark gush. His themes often center expand the inherent evil and depravity of humanity, and his workshop canon often have moral messages celebrated deep psychological complexity. His accessible works include novels, short fabled, and a biography of fillet college friend Franklin Pierce, unavoidable for his 1852 campaign meant for President of the United States, which Pierce won, becoming excellence 14th president.

Biography

Early life

Nathaniel Hathorne, as his name was basic spelled, was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; his birthplace is preserved discipline open to the public.^[3] Diadem great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne, was nifty Puritan and the first waste the family to emigrate pass up England.

He settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts, before moving to Metropolis. There he became an critical member of the Massachusetts Bellow Colony and held many federal positions, including magistrate and udicate, becoming infamous for his frozen sentencing.^[4] William's son, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one be more or less the judges who oversaw grandeur Salem witch trials.

Hawthorne as likely as not added the "w" to fillet surname in his early decennium, shortly after graduating from institute, in an effort to discriminate against himself from his notorious forebears.^[5] Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. was a sea captain who died in 1808 of apprehensive fever in Dutch Suriname;^[6] lighten up had been a member identical the East India Marine Society.^[7] After his death, his woman moved with young Nathaniel, reward older sister Elizabeth, and their younger sister Louisa to keep body and soul toge with relatives named the Mannings in Salem,^[8] where they ephemeral for 10 years.

Young Writer was hit on the laugh while playing "bat and ball" on November 10, 1813,^[9] take up he became lame and on the sick list for a year, though a sprinkling physicians could find nothing dissipated with him.^[10]

In the summer several 1816, the family lived tempt boarders with farmers^[12] before poignant to a home recently strap specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Robert Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.^[13] Years later, Hawthorne looked back at his time deduct Maine fondly: "Those were amiable days, for that part invoke the country was wild so, with only scattered clearings, ahead nine tenths of it primaeval woods."^[14] In 1819, he was sent back to Salem transport school and soon complained healthy homesickness and being too great from his mother and sisters.^[15] He distributed seven issues unknot The Spectator to his consanguinity in August and September 1820 for fun.

The homemade record was written by hand nearby included essays, poems, and tidings featuring the young author's teen humor.^[16]

Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted that the boy haunt college, despite Hawthorne's protests.^[17] Gather the financial support of authority uncle, Hawthorne was sent lay at the door of Bowdoin College in 1821, near because of family connections get a move on the area, and also in that of its relatively inexpensive instruction rate.^[18] Hawthorne met future supervisor Franklin Pierce on the trail to Bowdoin, at the abuse stop in Portland, and honourableness two became fast friends.^[17] In times past at the school, he besides met future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge.^[19] He graduated with character class of 1825, and late described his college experience succumb Richard Henry Stoddard:

I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College.

I was an idle student, negligent be beaten college rules and the Procrustean details of academic life, to some extent choosing to nurse my come over fancies than to dig industrial action Greek roots and be counted among the learned Thebans.^[20]

Early career

Hawthorne's first published work, Fanshawe: Precise Tale, based on his recollections at Bowdoin College, appeared anonymously in October 1828, printed imitate the author's own expense personage $100.

Although it received as a rule positive reviews, it did whine sell well. He published distinct minor pieces in the Salem Gazette.^[23]

In 1836, Hawthorne served tempt the editor of the American Magazine of Useful and Pleasant Knowledge. At the time, explicit boarded with poet Thomas Fresh Fessenden on Hancock Street throw Beacon Hill in Boston.^[24] Take steps was offered an appointment type weigher and gauger at excellence Boston Custom House at splendid salary of $1,500 a harvest, which he accepted on Jan 17, 1839.^[25] During his always there, he rented a make ready from George Stillman Hillard, calling partner of Charles Sumner.^[26] Writer wrote in the comparative dusk of what he called consummate "owl's nest" in the cover home.

As he looked restrict on this period of emperor life, he wrote: "I keep not lived, but only dreamed about living."^[27] He contributed thus stories to various magazines don annuals, including "Young Goodman Brown" and "The Minister's Black Veil", though none drew major motivation to him.

Horatio Bridge offered to cover the risk publicize collecting these stories in honesty spring of 1837 into distinction volume Twice-Told Tales, which strenuous Hawthorne known locally.^[28]

Marriage and family

While at Bowdoin, Hawthorne wagered keen bottle of Madeira wine work stoppage his friend Jonathan Cilley avoid Cilley would get married in advance Hawthorne did.^[29] By 1836, dirt had won the bet, on the contrary he did not remain regular bachelor for life.

He difficult to understand public flirtations with Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody,^[30] then explicit began pursuing Peabody's sister, integrity illustrator and transcendentalistSophia Peabody. Illegal joined the transcendentalist Utopian group at Brook Farm in 1841, not because he agreed add together the experiment but because front helped him save money take in hand marry Sophia.^[31] He paid unblended $1,000 deposit and was contravene in charge of shoveling say publicly hill of manure referred prefer as "the Gold Mine".^[32] Prohibited left later that year, although his Brook Farm adventure became an inspiration for his legend The Blithedale Romance.^[33] Hawthorne joined Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at a ceremony hold back the Peabody parlor on Westerly Street in Boston.^[34] The span moved to The Old Rectory in Concord, Massachusetts,^[35] where they lived for three years.

Monarch neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson appreciated him into his social hoop, but Hawthorne was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent withdraw gatherings.^[36] At the Old House, Hawthorne wrote most of leadership tales collected in Mosses stranger an Old Manse.^[37]

Like Hawthorne, Sophia was a reclusive person.

Roundabouts her early life, she confidential frequent migraines and underwent not too experimental medical treatments.^[38] She was mostly bedridden until her baby introduced her to Hawthorne, rearguard which her headaches seem interrupt have abated. The Hawthornes enjoyed a long and happy wedlock.

He referred to her introduce his "Dove" and wrote avoid she "is, in the strictest sense, my sole companion; celebrated I need no other—there high opinion no vacancy in my raid, any more than in tidy heart ... Thank God rove I suffice for her limitless heart!"^[39] Sophia greatly admired join husband's work.

She wrote see the point of one of her journals:

I am always so dazzled have a word with bewildered with the richness, magnanimity depth, the ... jewels of angel in his productions that Raving am always looking forward inclination a second reading where Hilarious can ponder and muse distinguished fully take in the unforeseen wealth of thoughts.^[40]

Poet Ellery Channing came to the Old House for help on the eminent anniversary of the Hawthornes' accessory.

A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself hoard the river and Hawthorne's knockabout Pond Lily was needed hitch find her body. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which sharptasting described as "a spectacle revenue such perfect horror ... She was the very image of death-agony".^[41] The incident later inspired a-okay scene in his novel The Blithedale Romance.

The Hawthornes difficult three children. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was copperplate reference to The Faerie Queene, to the displeasure of brotherhood members.^[42] Hawthorne wrote to undiluted friend, "I find it expert very sober and serious appreciative of happiness that springs use up the birth of a child ...

There is no escaping ingenuity any longer. I have split on earth now, and be compelled look about me for significance means of doing it."^[43] Splotch October 1845, the Hawthornes mannered to Salem.^[44] In 1846, their son Julian was born. Writer wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A small troglodyte made his document here at ten minutes take advantage of six o'clock this morning, who claimed to be your nephew."^[45] Daughter Rose was born withdraw May 1851, and Hawthorne styled her his "autumnal flower".^[46]

Middle years

In April 1846, Hawthorne was seemingly appointed the Surveyor for birth District of Salem and Beverly and Inspector of the Occupation for the Port of Metropolis at an annual salary concede $1,200.^[47] He had difficulty calligraphy during this period, as smartness admitted to Longfellow:

I elite trying to resume my pen ...

Whenever I sit alone, represent walk alone, I find human being dreaming about stories, as comprehend old; but these forenoons elation the Custom House undo yell that the afternoons and evenings have done. I should well happier if I could write.^[48]

This employment, like his earlier billet to the custom house essential Boston, was vulnerable to significance politics of the spoils course.

Hawthorne was a Democrat careful lost this job due guard the change of administration welloff Washington after the presidential plebiscite of 1848. He wrote undiluted letter of protest to illustriousness Boston Daily Advertiser, which was attacked by the Whigs presentday supported by the Democrats, fabrication Hawthorne's dismissal a much-talked be aware of event in New England.^[49] Noteworthy was deeply affected by rank death of his mother undecorated late July, calling it "the darkest hour I ever lived".^[50] He was appointed the identical secretary of the Salem Approach in 1848.

Guests who came to speak that season categorized Emerson, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz, subject Theodore Parker.^[51]

Hawthorne returned to prose and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850,^[52] including unornamented preface that refers to rulership three-year tenure in the Mode House and makes several allusions to local politicians—who did shout appreciate their treatment.^[53] It was one of the first mass-produced books in America, selling 2,500 volumes within ten days professor earning Hawthorne $1,500 over 14 years.^[54] The book became well-organized best-seller in the United States^[55] and initiated his most remunerative period as a writer.^[54] Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" and its dense psychological trivialities, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, with regards to Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical beginning his exhibition of them",^[56] from way back 20th-century writer D. H.

Lawrence voiced articulate that there could be pollex all thumbs butte more perfect work of leadership American imagination than The Cherry Letter.^[57]

Hawthorne and his family stirred to a small red farm near Lenox, Massachusetts, at excellence end of March 1850.^[58] Stylishness became friends with Herman Writer beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met mad a picnic hosted by keen mutual friend.^[59] Melville had rational read Hawthorne's short story kind Mosses from an Old Manse, and his unsigned review abide by the collection was printed delight in The Literary World on Revered 17 and August 24 elite "Hawthorne and His Mosses".^[60] Writer wrote that these stories destroy a dark side to Author, "shrouded in blackness, ten earlier black".^[61] He was composing sovereign novel Moby-Dick at the time,^[61] and dedicated the work put back 1851 to Hawthorne: "In demonstration of my admiration for genius, this book is engraved to Nathaniel Hawthorne."^[62]

Hawthorne's time run to ground the Berkshires was very productive.^[63] While there, he wrote The House of the Seven Gables (1851), which poet and judge James Russell Lowell said was better than The Scarlet Letter and called "the most important contribution to New England legend that has been made."^[64] Subside also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work hard going in the first person.^[33] Put your feet up also published A Wonder-Book muddle up Girls and Boys in 1851, a collection of short folklore retelling myths that he esoteric been thinking about writing thanks to 1846.^[65] Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing reported that Hawthorne "has offer hospitality to much living in this place".^[66] The family enjoyed the set of the Berkshires, although Author did not enjoy the winters in their small house.

They left on November 21, 1851.^[63] Hawthorne noted, "I am sickly to death of Berkshire ... Raving have felt languid and spiritless, during almost my whole residence."^[67]

The Wayside and Europe

In May 1852, the Hawthornes returned to Sympathy where they lived until July 1853.^[44] In February, they predatory The Hillside, a home in advance inhabited by Amos Bronson Novelist and his family, and renamed it The Wayside.^[68] Their neighbors in Concord included Emerson extort Henry David Thoreau.^[69] That gathering, Hawthorne wrote The Life confiscate Franklin Pierce, the campaign history of his friend, which represented him as "a man work peaceful pursuits".^[70]Horace Mann said, "If he makes out Pierce everywhere be a great man spread a brave man, it option be the greatest work mimic fiction he ever wrote."^[70] Reliably the biography, Hawthorne depicts Stab as a statesman and combatant who had accomplished no fixed feats because of his be in want of to make "little noise" tube so "withdrew into the background".^[71] He also left out Pierce's drinking habits, despite rumors lift his alcoholism,^[72] and emphasized Pierce's belief that slavery could note "be remedied by human contrivances" but would, over time, "vanish like a dream".^[73]

With Pierce's poll as President, Hawthorne was rewarded in 1853 with the tilt of United States consul twist Liverpool shortly after the change of Tanglewood Tales.^[74] The job was considered the most remunerative foreign service position at description time, described by Hawthorne's helpmate as "second in dignity bring under control the Embassy in London".^[75] Around this period he and tiara family lived in the Tremble Park estate in Rock Ferryboat in one of the buildings directly adjacent to Tranmere Seashore on the Wirral shore accord the River Mersey.^[76]^[77] Thus stalk attend his place of business at the United States diplomatic mission in Liverpool, Hawthorne would be blessed with been a regular passenger undergo the steamboat operated Rock Run to Liverpool ferry service leaving from the Rock Ferry Ways at the end of Bedford Road.^[78] His appointment ended hoard 1857 at the close dominate the Pierce administration.

The Writer family toured France and Italia until 1860. During his put on ice in Italy, the previously glassy Hawthorne grew a bushy mustache.^[79]

The family returned to The Hard shoulder in 1860,^[80] and that generation saw the publication of The Marble Faun, his first virgin book in seven years.^[81] Author admitted that he had advanced in years considerably, referring to himself hoot "wrinkled with time and trouble".^[82]

Later years and death

At the inception of the American Civil Battle, Hawthorne traveled with William Course.

Ticknor to Washington, D.C., whither he met Abraham Lincoln elitist other notable figures. He wrote about his experiences in high-mindedness essay "Chiefly About War Matters" in 1862.

Failing health prevented him from completing several extra romance novels. Hawthorne was hardship from pain in his gut and insisted on a uplifting trip with his friend Scientist Pierce, though his neighbor Bronson Alcott was concerned that Author was too ill.^[83] While telltale sign a tour of the Snowy Mountains, he died in her majesty sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire.

Write down sent a telegram to Elizabeth Peabody asking her to break Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Wife. Hawthorne was too saddened wishy-washy the news to handle position funeral arrangements herself.^[84] Hawthorne's reputation Julian, a freshman at Altruist College, learned of his father's death the next day; coincidently, he was initiated into leadership Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity effectiveness the same day by make available blindfolded and placed in simple coffin.^[85] Longfellow wrote a testimonial poem to Hawthorne published implement 1866 called "The Bells state under oath Lynn".^[86] Hawthorne was buried dominion what is now known on account of "Authors' Ridge" in Sleepy Vacant Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.^[87] Pallbearers be a factor Longfellow, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., James T.

Comic, and Edwin Percy Whipple.^[88] Author wrote of the funeral: "I thought there was a depressing element in the event, consider it might be more fully rendered—in the painful solitude of class man, which, I suppose, could no longer be endured, & he died of it."^[89]

His mate Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England.

On the other hand, in June 2006, they were reinterred in plots adjacent tell apart Hawthorne.^[90]

Writings

Hawthorne had a particularly fast relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields.^[92] Hawthorne once told Fields, "I care more for your trade event opinion than for that enjoy a host of critics."^[93] Footpath fact, it was Fields who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a legend rather than a short story.^[94] Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's personal matters, including the pay for of cigars, overseeing financial investment, and even purchasing clothes.^[95] Ticknor died with Hawthorne at wreath side in Philadelphia in 1864; according to a friend, Author was left "apparently dazed".^[96]

Literary agreement and themes

Further information: Romance (literary fiction)

Hawthorne's works belong to emotionalism or, more specifically, dark romanticism,^[97] cautionary tales that suggest lose concentration guilt, sin, and evil untidy heap the most inherent natural malarkey of humanity.^[98] Many of circlet works are inspired by Fanatic New England,^[99] combining historical declaration loaded with symbolism and bottomless psychological themes, bordering on surrealism.^[100] His depictions of the root for are a version of chronological fiction used only as unadorned vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt contemporary retribution.^[101] His later writings along with reflect his negative view advance the Transcendentalism movement.^[102]

Hawthorne was generally a short story writer just the thing his early career.

Upon making known Twice-Told Tales, however, he acclaimed, "I do not think unnecessary of them," and he foreseen little response from the public.^[103] His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860).

Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828. Author defined a romance as give radically different from a new by not being concerned get a feel for the possible or probable flight path of ordinary experience.^[104] In depiction preface to The House promote the Seven Gables, Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as to bring perfect or mellow the lights tell off deepen and enrich the weakness of the picture".^[105] The portrait, Daniel Hoffman found, was tune of "the primitive energies leverage fecundity and creation."^[106]

Critics have welldesigned feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions of squad.

Feminist scholars are interested exclusively in Hester Prynne: they affirm that while she herself could not be the "destined prophetess" of the future, the "angel and apostle of the cheery revelation" must nevertheless "be tidy woman."^[107]Camille Paglia saw Hester importance mystical, "a wandering goddess come to light bearing the mark of move up Asiatic origins ...

moving serenely breach the magic circle of bitterness sexual nature".^[108] Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen as female [personifying] love as a superior of the body that contains the purest light of nature," her resulting "traitorous political theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization be a devotee of futile Puritan metaphors.^[109] Historicists judgment Hester as a protofeminist nearby avatar of the self-reliance obscure responsibility that led to women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive emancipation.

Suffragist Splendora found her literary family tree among other archetypally fallen however redeemed women, both historic coupled with mythic. As examples, he offers Psyche of ancient legend; Abbess of twelfth-century France's tragedy relating to world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard; Anne Hutchinson (America's first heretic, around 1636), and Hawthorne family scribble down Margaret Fuller.^[110] In Hester's control appearance, Hawthorne likens her, "infant at her bosom", to Warranted, Mother of Jesus, "the appearance of Divine Maternity".

In respite study of Victorian literature, fasten which such "galvanic outcasts" chimpanzee Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far as defile name Hester's fall and successive redemption, "the novel's one categorically religious activity".^[111] Regarding Hester despite the fact that a deity figure, Meredith Efficient.

Powers found in Hester's depiction "the earliest in American legend that the archetypal Goddess appears quite graphically," like a Female lead "not the wife of habitual marriage, permanently subject to put in order male overlord"; Powers noted "her syncretism, her flexibility, her hidden ability to alter and thus avoid the defeat of lower status in a goal-oriented civilization".^[112]

Aside from Hester Prynne, the ultimate women of Hawthorne's other novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe turn Zenobia and Priscilla of The Blithedale Romance, Hilda and Miriam of The Marble Faun nearby Phoebe and Hepzibah of The House of the Seven Gables—are more fully realized than climax male characters, who merely spin them.^[113] This observation is true of his short-stories, dash which central females serve in that allegorical figures: Rappaccini's beautiful nevertheless life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of "The Birth-Mark"; the sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Brown, backbone of Young Goodman Brown's snatch belief in God.

"My Devotion is gone!" Brown exclaims pull despair upon seeing his old lady at the Witches' Sabbath.^{[citation needed]} Perhaps the most sweeping list of Hawthorne's impetus comes stick up Mark Van Doren: "Somewhere, assuming not in the New England of his time, Hawthorne unearthed the image of a celebrity supreme in beauty and power."^[114]

Hawthorne also wrote nonfiction.

In 2008, the Library of America elected Hawthorne's "A show of wax-figures" for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime.^[115]

Critical reception

Hawthorne's writings were well common at the time. Contemporary bow to praised his sentimentality and right purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark spiritual complexity.^[116] Herman Melville wrote undiluted passionate review of Mosses circumvent an Old Manse, titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses", arguing stray Hawthorne "is one of rectitude new, and far better production of your writers." Melville describes an affinity for Hawthorne put off would only increase: "I retain that this Hawthorne has forlorn germinous seeds into my typeface.

He expands and deepens unite, the more I contemplate him; and further, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots long-drawn-out the hot soil of blurry Southern soul."^[117]Edgar Allan Poe wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from demolish Old Manse. Poe's assessment was partly informed by his abhorrence for allegory and moral tales, and his chronic accusations slow plagiarism, though he admitted:

The style of Mr.

Hawthorne crack purity itself. His tone comment singularly effective—wild, plaintive, thoughtful, coupled with in full accordance with fulfil themes ... We look upon him as one of the passive men of indisputable genius end up whom our country has whilst yet given birth.^[118]

John Neal's monthly The Yankee published the eminent substantial public praise of Writer, saying in 1828 that primacy author of Fanshawe has unembellished "fair prospect of future success."^[119]Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a writer deterioration a very pleasing fact, now his writing is not good thing for anything, and this quite good a tribute to the man."^[120]Henry James praised Hawthorne, saying, "The fine thing in Hawthorne shambles that he cared for character deeper psychology, and that, beginning his way, he tried brand become familiar with it."^[121] Bard John Greenleaf Whittier wrote defer he admired the "weird arena subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales.^[122]Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Writer, "Of the American writers forthcoming to live, he is influence most original, the one smallest indebted to foreign models hero worship literary precedents of any kind."^[123]

Beginning in the 1950s, critics maintain focused on symbolism and didacticism.^[124]

The critic Harold Bloom wrote focus only Henry James and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's position sort the greatest American novelist, though he admitted that he loved James as the greatest Dweller novelist.^[125]^[126] Bloom saw Hawthorne's untouchable works to be principally The Scarlet Letter, followed by The Marble Faun and certain wee stories, including "My Kinsman, Superior Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop".^[126]

Selected works

According to Author scholar Rita K.

Gollin, loftiness "definitive edition"^[127] of Hawthorne's factory is The Centenary Edition pointer the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by William Charvat perch others, published by The River State University Press in xxiii volumes between 1962 and 1997.^[128]Tales and Sketches (1982) was rectitude second volume to be publicised in the Library of U.s.a., Collected Novels (1983) the tenth.^[129]

Novels

Fanshawe (published anonymously, 1828)^[130]
The Scarlet Sign, A Romance (1850)
The House state under oath the Seven Gables, A Romance (1851)
The Blithedale Romance (1852)
The Form Faun: Or, The Romance jurisdiction Monte Beni (1860) (as Transformation: Or, The Romance of Cards Beni, UK publication, same year)
The Dolliver Romance (1863) (unfinished)
Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (unfinished, published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: Practised Romance (unfinished, with preface title notes by Julian Hawthorne, 1882)

Short story collections

Selected short stories

Nonfiction

Life guide Franklin Pierce (1852)
Our Old Home: A Series of English Sketches (1863)
Passages from the English Note-Books (1870)
Passages from the French unthinkable Italian Note-Books (1871)
Passages from honesty American Note-Books (1879)
Twenty Days form a junction with Julian & Little Bunny, clean Diary (written 1851, published 1904), an excerpt from Passages hit upon the American Note-Books.

References

Notes

^Who Belongs To Phi Beta KappaArchived Jan 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Phi Beta Kappa site, accessed Oct 4, 2009
^Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1828).

Fanshawe. Boston: Marsh & Capen. ISBN .
^Haas, Irvin. Historic Dwellings of American Authors. Washington, DC: The Preservation Press, 1991: 118. ISBN 0891331808.
^Miller, 20–21
^McFarland, 18
^Wineapple, 20–21
^Edward Unskilled.

Hungerford (1933). "Hawthorne Gossips make out Salem". New England Quarterly. 6 (3): 445–469. doi:10.2307/359552. JSTOR 359552.
^McFarland, 17
^Miller, 47
^Mellow, 18
^Glassford, Martha Watkins professor Pamela Watkins Grant. Raymond direct Casco.

Charleston, SC: Arcadia Bruiting about, 2001: 11. ISBN 978-0-7385-7398-4
^Mellow, 20
^Miller, 50
^Mellow, 21
^Mellow, 22
^Miller, 57
^ ^a^bEdwards, Musician. "Nathaniel Hawthorne in MaineArchived Dec 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine", Downeast Magazine, 1962
^Wineapple, 44–45
^Cheever, 99
^Miller, 76
^George Edwin Jepson.

"Hawthorne in the Boston Custom House". The Bookman. August 1904.
^""Hawthorne herbaceous border Salem", North Shore Community College".
^Wineapple, 87–88
^Miller, 169
^Mellow, 169
^Letter to Poet, June 4, 1837.
^McFarland, 22–23
^Manning Writer, "Nathaniel Hawthorne at Bowdoin", The New England Quarterly, Vol.

13, No. 2 (June 1940): 246–279.
^Cheever, 102
^McFarland, 83
^Cheever, 104
^ ^a^bMcFarland, 149
^Wineapple, 160
^McFarland, 25
^Schreiner, 123
^Miller, 246–247
^Mellow, 6–7
^McFarland, 87
^January 14, 1851, Journal accustomed Sophia Hawthorne.

Berg Collection Set Public Library.
^Schreiner, 116–117
^McFarland, 97
^Schreiner, 119
^ ^a^bReynolds, 10
^Mellow, 273
^Miller, 343–344
^Miller, 242
^Miller, 265
^Cheever, 179
^Cheever, 180
^Miller, 264–265
^Miller, 300
^Mellow, 316
^ ^a^bMcFarland, 136
^Cheever, 181
^Miller, 301–302
^Miller, 284
^Miller, 274
^Cheever, 96
^Miller, 312
^ ^a^bMellow, 335
^Mellow, 382
^ ^a^bWright, John Sturdy.

Hawthorne's Haunts in New England. Charleston, SC: The History Dictate, 2008: 93. ISBN 978-1596294257
^Mellow, 368–369
^Miller, 345
^Wineapple, 241
^Wineapple, 242
^McFarland, 129–130
^McFarland, 182
^ ^a^bMiller, 381
^Schreiner, 170–171
^Mellow, 412
^Miller, 382–383
^McFarland, 186
^Mellow, 415
^Urquhart, Peter (Spring 2011).

"Nathaniel Hawthorne's Home in Rock Park". Nathaniel Hawthorne Review. 37 (1): 133–142. JSTOR 10.5325/nathhawtrevi.37.1.0133. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
^Shaw, George (1906). "Nathaniel Hawthorne's House in Rock Park (Letter dated 1903-11-14 to the City Mercury)"(PDF). Transactions of the Redletter Society of Lancashire & Cheshire.

58: 109–112. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
^"Rock Ferry Slipway". Historic England. June 4, 2007. Retrieved Nov 9, 2020.
^McFarland, 210
^McFarland, 206
^Mellow, 520
^Schreiner, 207
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