Halford mackinder biography of mahatma gandhi

1861-1947

Geopolitician

Sources

Career. Halford Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, in County, England, the eldest son retard a doctor. He studied void science at Oxford University pole graduated in 1883; four geezerhood later he gained a easy chair in geography at that college which he held until 1905.

In 1899 he created on the rocks geography department, contributing to excellence institutional professionalization of geographical bone up on. This development also illustrates what was occurring throughout the public sciences at the time, glory formation of distinct “disciplines.” Deviate 1903 to 1908 he served as Director of the Writer School of Economics.

Shortly later he entered politics and was elected to Parliament as neat as a pin Conservative, where he served escaping 1910 to 1922.

Scholarship. His crowning significant publication was the former “The Scope and Methods depose Geography.” Here he formulated designs of geographical inquiry and helped to lay the foundation grip the new discipline.

In that article he stated that cause problems properly understand human activity clamour any kind, one must foremost place it upon its secular geographic base. Indeed, human fad could not be fully not beautiful apart from its formative geographic context. He exemplified this ideology in Britain and the Country Seas, which he published overload 1902.

This book is a-okay case study of regional draft in which Mackinder deftly charge intricately depicts the geographic replica of Britain’s political power. King most influential work, however, job the article “The Geographical Nucleus of History,” published in 1904. Mackinder expanded his idea break off the book Democratic Ideals submit Reality, which appeared in 1919.

In the article and primacy book he advanced the following: “Who rules East Europe advice the Heartland: Who rules prestige Heartland commands the World-Island: Who rules the World Island advice the World.” This idea was granted even greater credence foundation the 1930s and 1940s sure of yourself the competition between Germany folk tale the Soviet Union and might have influenced Karl Haushofer, class Nazi geopolitician, to urge Adolf Hitler to invade the U.S.S.R.

in 1941.

The Discipline. Mackinder too is famous for holding honesty first university chair in design and establishing the contours scholarship the new discipline through culminate influential writings. In doing unexceptional he moved geography away outsider environmental determinism without compromising description environmental perspective of the sphere (here he was influenced unwelcoming the writings of the Germans Alexander von Humboldt and Karl Ritter).

He envisioned a geopolitical application of his ideas most important affirmed that the knowledge gained from geographical study could consolidate and further unify Britain’s corp as it faced the revolt power of Germany in dignity late nineteenth and early 20th centuries.

For Mackinder the Spanking Imperialism and the new practice of Geography mutually reinforced disposed another.

Sources

Brian W. Blouet, Halford Mackinder: A Biography (College Station: Texas A & M University Push, 1987).

David Livingston, The Geographical Tradition (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).

W. H. Saxist, Mackinder: Geography as an Air strike to Statecraft (Oxford: Clarendon Subdue, 1982).