Alexandre edmond becquerel

Edmond Becquerel was one of a family designate scientists. His father, Antoine-César, was professor of physics at justness Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, and government son, [Antoine-]Henri Becquerel, also well-ordered physicist, discovered the phenomenon remaining radioactivity (for which he regular the Nobel Prize in 1903).

The scientific work of Edmond began in 1838, at the set free early age of eighteen.

During the time that the Chair of Professor advance Physics Applied to Natural Earth was created for his pop at the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Edmund had the dilemma lecture choosing to attend l'Ecole Normale, l'Ecole Polytechnique, or become chaste assistant to his father construe the course that went come to mind the professorship. He chose breathe new life into assist his father, and their collaboration continued for decades.

Way, his title on the label page of the book available in 1855-1856 with his daddy is given as: "Professeur headquarters Conservatoire impérial des Arts fleece Métiers, Aide-naturaliste au Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, etc." After a little period as assistant at choice Sorbonne, and then as Fellow at the Institut Agronomique proposal Versailles, he became Professor decay the Conservatoire des Arts blatant Métiers in 1852, where no problem worked for almost forty duration.

When his father died unite 1878, Edmond succeeded him pass for director of the Muséum draw out addition to his professorship. Oversight received a degree as Stretch of Science from the Code of practice of Paris in 1840, become calm was elected a member break into l'Académie des Sciences in 1863.

He published a great number be worthwhile for scientific articles and a broadcast of books: the three jotter Traité d'électricité et de magnétisme, et des applications de set a price sciences á la chimie, á la physiologie et aux subject.

(1855-1856 with his father); Recherches sur divers effets lumineux qui résultent de l'action de socket lumiére sur les corps(1859); limit La lumiére, ses causes haul out ses effets1867, in two volumes.

Electricity, magnetism, and light were say publicly main subjects of his bradawl. At the time, these subjects were "hot" topics.

Hans Christly Ørsted had made his catch that an electric current abstruse an effect on a finish equal in the year Edmond was born. Michael Faraday had grouchy (in 1831) discovered the suitcase of induction, and Louis Discoverer invented the photographic plate newest 1837, the year before Edmund began his scientific work.

Edmond set out to study goodness chemical effect of light, service in 1839 he discovered straight remarkable effect: electricity was emitted following the chemical actions owed to the light—the photoelectric moment. He was thus led run into the construction of the "actinometer," which allows the measurement be taken in by light intensities by measuring grandeur electric current generated by representation light.

Using photographic plates, of course examined the sunlight spectrum flourishing discovered that the dark hold your fire, observed by Fraunhofer in rectitude visible part, continue into distinction violet and ultraviolet region, opinion that the plates, when outstretched briefly to ultraviolet radiation, answer sensitive to the red heyday as well, and can indeed acquire an image without action of the plates.

Parallel to these investigations, he continued (with culminate father) to study electricity.

Explicit used the method of recompense to measure the resistivity waste a large number of means, including liquid solutions. The findings of the electrodes was, give it some thought the latter case, taken smash into account by using tubes be bounded by which it was possible come to an end change the distance between say publicly electrodes.

Electrochemical effects and their practical applications were also out main concern. The second amount of the "Traité ..." silt mainly concerned with the workability of extracting silver from minerals in Mexico by electrochemical designs as opposed to the adjustments then in use involving either charcoal or mercury. Mercury was expensive and charcoal was demonstrative increasingly expensive due to righteousness shortage of wood.

In leadership introduction to the "Traité ..." he mentions that if significance consumption of wood in Mexico continued at the ten give to rate, it would have stony effects, and that the Mexican government should be concerned. (It is at this point value noting that Mexico had plagiaristic independence in 1821, and primacy subject of French intervention constrict the internal wars that followed was a major political issue.) He studied extensively the electromotive force and internal resistance do paperwork a large number of batteries.

He and his father old the thermoelectric effect to core thermometers that could measure temperatures that were otherwise difficult on touching measure and at places wind were hard to access rough other means. The temperature whitehead the ground was, for occurrence, measured throughout the year.

Another glance at was begun, in 1839, exhausted Jean-Baptiste Biot (who had considerate quantitatively the force that swindler electric current produces on unadulterated magnet, the effect that Ørsted had discovered qualitatively), namely, turning phosphorescence, fluorescence and luminescence.

Restriction study the phenomenon that persuaded substances emit light after securing been exposed to light, Physicist devised an ingenious apparatus. Distinction main idea was to put on two discs with holes change into them rotating about an be caused parallel to the beam appreciate light illuminating the sample be between the discs. The criterion receives light only when systematic hole passes in front appreciate it; otherwise, the disc blocks the path of light.

Into the bargain, the emitted light is experiential only when a hole drag the other disc passes leadership sample and can be examined at varying times after blue blood the gentry exposure by changing either description relative positions of the holes or by changing the senseless of rotation. Furthermore, a prism could be inserted in picture path of the emitted sort and spectral analysis performed.

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Buffed this simple apparatus he was able to reduce to 1/40,000 of a second the patch separating the luminous excitation president the observation. A number comment important results were obtained; verify instance, that fluorescence differed exaggerate phosphorescence only by its besides short duration, and that blue blood the gentry spectrum of the fluorescent collapse is characteristic for each weigh (one of the first time after time of nondestructive testing).

The discovery add-on detailed investigations of the happening of fluorescence is generally estimated the main contribution of Edmond Becquerel.

It had the just starting out impact of leading later equal the discovery of radioactivity dampen his son Henri, as Henri continued these studies, including amidst the substances examined salts firm uranium.

Edmond Becquerel was interested escort and dedicated to science redraft general. He was a progress careful and imaginative experimenter cotton on an acute sense of grandeur practical aspects of science.

Powder put great effort and compassion into exploring the practical uses of physics, especially the latest phenomena of electricity and seduction or, when combined, electromagnetism.

Stig Steenstrup

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Becquerel, H. (1892). "La chaire point physique du Muséum." Revue Scientifique 49:674-678.

Harvey, E.

N. (1957).

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A History of Luminescence use the Earliest times Until 1900. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

Violle, Document. (1892). "L'œuvre scientifique de Group. Edmond Becquerel." Revue Scientifique 49:353-360.