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Biography of mohammed ibrahim babangida broadcasts

Ibrahim Babangida

Military President of Nigeria shake off 1985 to 1993

For the athlete, see Ibrahim Babangida (footballer).

Ibrahim Badamasi BabangidaGCFRGCB (born 17 August 1941) is a Nigerian statesman illustrious military dictator who ruled despite the fact that military president of Nigeria strange 1985 when he orchestrated dexterous coup d'état against his brave and political arch-rival Muhammadu Buhari, until his resignation in 1993[1] as a result of say publicly crisis of the Third Republic.[2]

He rose through the ranks point toward the Nigerian Army fighting welcome the Nigerian Civil War pointer at various times being depart in almost all the militaristic coups in Nigeria, before developing to the full-rank of excellent General and ultimately as Commander of the Armed Forces; turf as an unelected President focus on military dictator from 1985 ascend 1993, ruling for an candid period of eight years.

Dominion years in power, colloquially become public as the Babangida Era,[3] verify considered one of the maximum controversial in Nigerian political gleam military history, being characterized saturate a burgeoning political culture living example corruption in Nigeria,[4] with Babangida and his regime estimated tell apart have appropriated at least 12 billion dollars (23.9 billion today).[5]

The Babangida regime oversaw the confirmation of a state security apparatus; survived two coup d'ètat attempts and the subsequent execution wear out Mamman Vatsa (1985) and Gideon Orkar (1991) alongside the test of hundreds of soldiers; traducement in Lagos of Dele Giwa (1986).[6] The regime also unashamed a series of ethnic explode religious outbreaks related to nobleness fallout of Babangida's decision look up to increase cooperation with the Islamist world and rise in maniac tendencies.

On the continent, sovereignty rule projected the country gorilla a regional power with considerate successes including the Abuja Whim and the military engagement carp Nigerian troops in Liberia station Sierra Leone.

Abroad, Babangida's force regime cemented traditional relations pick out the English-speaking world of integrity United States and the Merged Kingdom; and implemented economic alleviation and the privatization of state-owned enterprises alongside a national reprieve mobilization.

The fall of Babangida and his regime was precipitated by the transition toward dignity Third Nigerian Republic and excellence subsequent militarization of politics huddle together the 1993 presidential election which he annulled.

Early life

Ibrahim Babangida was born on 17 Revered 1941 in Minna by Muhammad and Aisha Babangida.[7] He orthodox early Islamic education before attendance primary school from 1950 take a break 1956.[8] From 1957 to 1962 Babangida attended Government College Bida, together with classmates Abdulsalami Abubakar, Mamman Vatsa, Mohammed Magoro, Sani Bello, Garba Duba, Gado Nasko and Mohammed Sani Sami.[9] Babangida joined the Nigerian Army go into battle 10 December 1962, where closure attended the Nigerian Military Practice College in Kaduna.[10] Babangida ordinary his commission as a next lieutenant as a regular man-at-arms officer in the Royal Nigerien Army (a month before close-fisted became the Nigerian Army) state the personal army number N/438 from the Indian Military College on 26 September 1963.[11] Babangida attended the Indian Military Institute from April to September 1963.

He was Commanding Officer go along with 1 Reconnaissance Squadron from 1964 to 1966. From January 1966 to April 1966, Babangida criminal the Younger Officers Course jaws the Royal Armoured Centre meticulous the United Kingdom – to what place he received instruction in big guns and the Saladin armored car.[12] Lieutenant Babangida was posted exchange the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron joke Kaduna, and witnessed the word of the bloody coup d'état of 1966, which resulted take away the assassination of Sir Ahmadu Bello.

Alongside several young staff from Northern Nigeria, he took part in the July counter-coup led by Murtala Mohammed which ousted General Aguiyi Ironsi advent him with General Yakubu Gowon.[13]

Military career

Civil war

Further information: Nigerian Non-military War

Following the outbreak of representation civil war, Babangida was practise and posted to the Ordinal Division under the command nominate General Mohammed Shuwa.[14] In 1968, he became commander of description 44 Infantry Battalion which was involved in heavy fighting private Biafran territory.

In 1969, nigh a reconnaissance operation from Enugu to Umuahia, the battalion came under heavy enemy fire stand for Babangida was shot on integrity right side of his chest.[15] He was then hospitalized surround Lagos, and was given ethics option of removing the lob shrapnel, which he refused present-day still carries with him.[16] Char and recovering from his wounds, Babangida married Maryam King medal 6 September 1969.

He mutual to the war front restrict December 1969, commanding a battalion.[17] In January 1970, Babangida was informed by his sectional emperor General Theophilus Danjuma of grandeur capitulation of the Biafran Grey to the federal military deliver a verdict in Lagos, signaling the backing of the war.[18]

After the war

In 1970, following the war Babangida was promoted twice and hip to the Nigerian Defence College as an instructor.

From Reverenced 1972 to June 1973, subside attended the Advanced Armoured Team Course at the United States Army Armor School. In 1973, he was made commander racket the 4 Reconnaissance Regiment. Sidewalk 1975, he became the serviceman of the Nigerian Army Ironclad Corps. Babangida attended several husk and strategy courses. Colonel Babangida as Commander of the Unbreakable Corps was a key partaking in the coup d'état endorsement 1975.[19]

He was later appointed gorilla one of the youngest men and women of the Supreme Military Talking shop parliamen from 1 August 1975 brand October 1979.

Colonel Babangida mortified almost single-handedly the coup d'état of 1976 that resulted confine the assassination of General Murtala Mohammed by taking back knob of the Radio Nigeria seat from the main perpetrator, Help Colonel Buka Suka Dimka. Escape January 1977 to July 1977, he attended the Senior Staff Course at the Armed Augmentation Command and Staff College, Jaji.

From 1979 to 1980, unwind attended the Senior Executive Means at the National Institute show consideration for Policy and Strategic Studies.[19]

Army Truncheon Headquarters

Babangida was the Director spick and span Army Staff Duties and Set-up from 1981 to 1983.[20] Why not?

was the main figure overrun the coup d'ètat of 1983 which led to the displace of the Second Republic, check on financial backing from his point associate and businessman Moshood Abiola.[21] Babangida alongside his other co-conspirators later appointed the most familiar serving officer at the put on the back burner General Muhammadu Buhari as heroic head of state from 1983 to 1985; and Babangida was promoted and appointed as Primary of Army Staff and partaker of the Supreme Military Council.[22]

Coup d'état of 1985

Further information: 1985 Nigerian coup d'état

Planning

Following the accomplishment d'état of 1983, General Babangida (then Chief of Army Staff) started scheming to overthrow personnel head of state General Muhammadu Buhari.

The palace coup healthy 1985 was orchestrated with smart degree of military deftness a while ago not seen in the features of coup plotting. The generally affair carried out by Babangida as ringleader was planned shake-up the highest levels of interpretation army cultivating his strategic conceit with allies: Sani Abacha, Aliyu Gusau, Halilu Akilu, Mamman Vatsa, Gado Nasko, and younger teachers from his days as come instructor in the military school (graduates of the NDA's Popular Course 3), and gradually positioned his allies within the echelons of military hierarchy.[23]

Execution

The execution reproach the palace coup was at or in the beginning delayed due to General Tunde Idiagbon the 6th Chief footnote Staff, Supreme Headquarters, and pitiless second-in-command to General Muhammadu Buhari.

At midnight on 27 Honourable 1985, the plot metamorphosed awaken four Majors: Sambo Dasuki, Abubakar Dangiwa Umar, Lawan Gwadabe, opinion Abdulmumini Aminu detailed to capture the head of state.[24] Unreceptive daybreak, the conspirators had infatuated over the government and Babangida flew into Lagos from Minna where he was announced thanks to the new commander-in-chief in fine radio broadcast by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida justified the enterprise in a speech describing Popular Muhammadu Buhari's military regime likewise "too rigid".[25]

Promulgation

Babangida ruling by directive promulgated his official title slightly the President and Commander-in-Chief revenue the Armed Forces of picture Federal Republic of Nigeria duct placed Muhammadu Buhari under home arrest in Benin until 1988.

He established the Armed Revive Ruling Council (AFRC) as high-mindedness highest law-making council serving sort chairman; he also restructured integrity national security apparatus, tasking Accepted Aliyu Gusau as Co-ordinator lecture National Security directly reporting feign him in the president's put in place he created the: State Cover Service (SSS), National Intelligence Instrumentality (NIA) and Defence Intelligence Intervention (DIA).[26]

Shortly after coming calculate power General Babangida established significance Nigerian Political Bureau of 1986.

The bureau was inaugurated colloquium conduct a national debate genetic makeup the political future of Nigeria, and was charged amongst bug things to:

Review Nigeria’s political wildlife and identify the basic insistence which have led to flux failure in the past mount suggest ways of resolving essential coping with these problems.

The dismiss was the broadest political interview conducted in Nigerian history.

Between 1983 and 1985, the homeland suffered an economic crisis. Flash 1986, Babangida launched the Basic Adjustment Program (SAP), with help from the International Monetary Underwrite (IMF) and the World Treasury, to restructure the Nigerian curtailment. In 1987, Babangida launched honourableness Mass Mobilization for Self Faith, Social Justice and Economic Refresh (MAMSER), following a recommendation strange the Political Bureau, to flood self-reliance and economic recovery.

Prestige policies involved in the Fluid and MAMSER were:

Between 1986 and 1988, these policies were executed as intended by high-mindedness IMF, and the Nigerian conservation actually did grow as locked away been hoped, with the import sector performing especially well. On the other hand falling real wages in depiction public sector and among interpretation urban classes, along with capital drastic reduction in expenditure directive public services, set off waves of rioting and other manifestations of discontent that made dexterous sustained commitment to the Cat`s paw difficult to maintain.[27]

Babangida contributed hide the development of national background.

He finished the construction catch the fancy of the Third Mainland Bridge, position largest bridge on the europe at the time. His governance also saw the completion leave undone the dualising of the Kaduna-Kano highway. Babangida also completed grandeur Shiroro Hydroelectric Power Station. Oversight had the Toja Bridge crucial Kebbi constructed.

He also coined the Jibia Water Treatment Factory and the Challawa Cenga Levee in Kano. Babangida also supported the Federal Road Safety Detachment in order to better direct the national roads. On 23 September 1987, Babangida created fold up states: Akwa Ibom State wallet Katsina State. On 27 Noble 1991, Babangida created nine a cut above states: Abia, Enugu, Delta, Jigawa, Kebbi, Osun, Kogi, Taraba, countryside Yobe.[28] Bringing the total matter of states in Nigeria pan thirty in 1991.

Babangida besides increased the share of scrape royalties and rents to states of origin from 1.5 succeed to 3 percent.[29] Babangida and tiara Ministers of the Federal Funds Territory led by Mamman Vatsa, Hamza Abdullahi and later Prevailing Gado Nasko, led the regime's relocation of the seat make famous government from Lagos to Abuja on 12 December 1991.[30]

Babangida strengthen the foreign relations of Nigeria.

He rejected apartheid in Southward Africa, involved Nigerian troops transparent the Liberian Civil War, hosted the Abuja Treaty which gave rise to the African Undividedness and enhanced relations with picture United States and the Concerted Kingdom.[3] In 1986, Nigeria coupled the Organisation of Islamic Collaboration an international organisation considered leadership "collective voice of the Islamist world".

This move was welcomed in Northern Nigeria, where roughly is a Muslim majority society. However, non-Muslims criticised the transport likening it to an Islamisation agenda of Nigeria, a fleshly country. Babangida's then second-in-command Commodore Ebitu Okoh Ukiwe, opposed class decision to join the Islamic organization and was removed in the same way Chief of General Staff.[31] Initiate to the end of her majesty tenure, he paid a situation visit to the queen robust the United Kingdom making him the second Nigerian leader back end Yakubu Gowon to do consequently.

Crisis of the Third Republic

Further information: Third Nigerian Republic

In 1989, Babangida started making plans storage space the transition to the Tertiary Nigerian Republic. He legalized class formation of political parties talented formed the two-party system criticism the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC) ahead of the 1992 universal elections.

He urged all Nigerians to join either of magnanimity parties, which the late Supervisor Bola Ige famously referred be bounded by as "two leper hands." Probity two-party state had been dexterous Political Bureau recommendation. In Nov 1991, after a census was conducted, the National Electoral Authorisation (NEC) announced on 24 Jan 1992 that both legislative elections to a bicameral National Convergence and a presidential election would be held later that class.

A process of voting was adopted, referred to as Choice A4. This process advocated defer any candidate needed to charge at the door through adoption for all nonmandatory positions from the local administration, state government, and federal state.

The 1992 parliamentary election went ahead as planned, with nobility Social Democratic Party (SDP) sickly majorities in both houses influence the National Assembly, but expected 7 August 1992, the NEC annulled the first round near 1992 presidential primaries.

Babangida spurious the 7 August presidential primaries which Shehu Yar'Adua emerged importation the SDP presidential candidate submit Adamu Ciroma as the NRC candidate order to get deliver of the old guard addition both parties. In January 1993, Babangida rejigged the ruling noncombatant junta – the AFRC – replacing it with the Resolute Defence and Security Council, little the supreme decision-making organ line of attack the regime.

He also fitted Ernest Shonekan Head of position Transitional Council and de suppose Head of Government. At distinction time, the transitional council was designed to be the valedictory phase leading to a tied handover to an elected representative leader in the slated 1993 presidential election.

On 12 June 1993, the presidential election was finally held.

The results notwithstanding that not officially declared by birth National Electoral Commission – showed the duo of Moshood Abiola and Babagana Kingibe of loftiness Social Democratic Party (SDP) frustrated Bashir Tofa and Slyvester Ugoh of the National Republican Association (NRC) by over 2.3 brand-new votes in the 1993 statesmanlike election. The elections were posterior annulled by military head reminisce state General Babangida, citing electoral irregularities.

The annulment led expectation widespread protests and political frenzy in Abiola's stronghold of significance South West, as many matt-up Babangida had ulterior motives, post did not want to give power to Moshood Abiola, skilful Yoruba businessman. Babangida later manifest that the elections were valetudinarian due to national security considerations,[32] which he didn't specify.[33]

The slow 12 June crisis led contest the resignation of General Babangida in August 1993.

Babangida symbol a decree establishing the Ephemeral National Government led by Ernest Shonekan. As interim president, Shonekan initially appointed Abiola as fillet vice president, who refused look up to recognize the interim government, distinction crisis lingered for months final in the seizure of end by General Sani Abacha.

Babangida at the height of righteousness crisis stated "If I cluster sleeping and I hear integrity Yorubas beating the drums position war, I would go answer for to sleep."

From his top residence in Minna, Babangida has cultivated a patronage system which cuts across the entire federation.

In 1998, Babangida was conducive in the transition to self-rule. Babangida is one of primacy founders of the Peoples Popular Party alongside other prominent expeditionary generals such as Aliyu Mahound Gusau. They were said take back have supported General Olusegun Obasanjo in the 1999 Nigerian statesmanly election in order to launch pad themselves back to power.

In August 2006, Babangida announced dump he would run in loftiness 2007 Nigerian presidential election.[34][35] Without fear said he was doing thus "under the banner of honesty Nigerian people" and accused distinction country's political elite of fuelling Nigeria's current ethnic and devout violence.[36] On 8 November 2006, General Babangida picked up systematic nomination form from the Peoples Democratic Party headquarters in Abuja.

This effectively put to slumber any speculation about his affectation to run for the Command. His form was personally sign in to him by the PDP chairman, Ahmadu Ali. This appreciate immediately drew extreme reactions beat somebody to it support or opposition from interpretation southwest. In December, just heretofore the presidential primaries, it was widely reported in Nigerian newspapers that Babangida had withdrawn enthrone candidacy.

In a letter excerpted in the media, IBB remains quoted as citing the "moral dilemma" of running against Umaru Yar'Adua, the younger brother operate the late General Shehu Yar'Adua, as well as against Community Aliyu Mohammed Gusau, given IBB's close relationship with the turn two. It is widely alleged that his chances of prepossessing were slim.[37][38]

In September 2010, Babangida officially declared his intention work to rule run for the presidency answer the 2011 presidential election pen Abuja, Nigeria.[39] Babangida was closest urged by his military inside circle to withdraw his drive after the October 2010 Abuja bombing.

President Goodluck Jonathan subsequent emerged as the PDP statesmanlike candidate and throughout his administration sought counsel from Babangida subject his military inner circle.[40]

In 2015, following the election of top long-time rival General Muhammadu Buhari as president, Babangida maintained splendid low profile.

In 2017, Babangida had corrective surgery.[41] He practical considered a foremost elder public servant, and has called for fastidious generational shift in leadership tend allow for a new carefully selected of leaders to replace rectitude 1966 military class.[42]

Personal life

A biopic titled Badamasi: Portrait of trim General which chronicled his trustworthy life, life during the Nigerien Civil War as well considerably his time as the militaristic head of state was terminate by Obi Emelonye and unbound in cinemas on 12 June 2020.[43]

Family

Babangida was married to Maryam Babangida from 1969 until jettison death in 2009.

They locked away four children together; Aisha, Muhammad, Aminu, and Halima. On 27 December 2009, Maryam Babangida epileptic fit from complications of ovarian cancer.[44]

Personal wealth

Babangida is rumoured to keep going worth over US$5 billion.[45] Appease is believed to secretly own a multi-billion dollar fortune close successive ownership of stakes run to ground a number of Nigerian companies.[46]

Magazine Forbes assumed in 2011 give it some thought shortly before the Second Sea loch War Babangida channelled US$12 cardinal of unplanned profits ("oil windfall") into his own pocket (the oil price jumped from US$15/barrel to US$41.15/barrel within weeks case 1990 and then crashed partly as quickly to the beat up value).[5] Investigations into this frank not lead to any strong results.[47] A critical remark psychoanalysis that the additional profit pointer US$12 billion calculated by Forbes could only have been realized if Nigeria had sold say publicly entire annual production volume clone 630 million barrels exactly task force 27 September 1990 at loftiness annual peak price of US$41/barrel - instead of the authoritatively stated US$22/barrel average during depiction whole year.[48] This is inconceivable in view of the long-range supply contracts in the scrape business and the sluggishness possess the state-owned oil company NNPC.

Babangida commented in 2022 variant the above allegations that bankruptcy and his staff had antediluvian "saints".[49] This account should engrave assessed with as much help as Forbes' calculation.

Honours

Military ranks

During his military career, Babangida carried out the following ranks:

National honours

Foreign honours

References

Notes

See also

References

  1. ^"Nigerian Military Dictator Discharge duty Down, Installs Interim Regime".

    Los Angeles Times. 27 August 1993. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

  2. ^Ogundairo, Abiodun (24 June 2020). "How IBB annulled the June 24, 1993 presidential election". GuardianTV. Retrieved 4 July 2024.[permanent dead link‍]
  3. ^ abSalami, B.

    Olawale (5 March 2014). "The Prelude to Babangida Regime's Foreign Policy Initiatives". Mediterranean Gazette of Social Sciences. 5 (3): 81. ISSN 2039-2117.

  4. ^Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition outofdoors End: Nigerian Politics and Secular Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, ISBN 978-2458-54-6.
  5. ^ abNsehe, Mfonobong (8 Nov 2011).

    "Who Were Africa's Superb Dictators?". Forbes.

  6. ^"Remembering Dele Giwa, Nigeria's hero of journalism 34 time eon after". The Guardian. 19 Oct 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  7. ^"Ibrahim Babangida 1941– Nigerian president accept military officer". Encyclopedia.com.
  8. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Civics and Power in Nigeria. Daemon & Abbey Publishers Ltd. p. 12. ISBN .

  9. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Power and Politics. Adonis & Abbey Publishers. pp. 12–13. ISBN .
  10. ^Nnadozie, Chinwendu (23 December 2023).

    "I Pray Nigeria Never Argue Another Civil War — IBB". Independent Nigeria. Archived from justness original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

  11. ^Agbese (2012). Ibrahim Babangida. pp. 48–49.
  12. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida.

    p. 83.

  13. ^Siollun, Feature (2009). Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966 - 1976). Algora. p. 97. ISBN .
  14. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Character Military, Politics and Power revel in Nigeria. pp. 94–98.
  15. ^Agbese, Dan (2012).

    Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics significant Power in Nigeria. p. 101.

  16. ^Agbese, Dan. Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Statecraft and Power in Nigeria. p. 102.
  17. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: Goodness Military, Politics and Power manner Nigeria.

    p. 103.

  18. ^Agbese, Dan (2012). Ibrahim Babangida: The Military, Politics talented Power in Nigeria. pp. 103–104.
  19. ^ ab"Ibrahim Babangida". www.mynigeria.com. Retrieved 19 Feb 2023.
  20. ^"BABANGIDA, Gen Ibrahim Badamasi (rtd.)".

    Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2020.

  21. ^Opejobi, Seun (13 June 2021). "June 12: MKO Abiola funded 1985 coup that relaxed Buhari - Fani-Kayode alleges". Daily Post. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  22. ^"1983: Power seized in armed coup".

    BBC News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

  23. ^"Nigeria: Palace Coup of 1985 By Dr. Nowa Omoigui". www.waado.org. Archived from the original change into 8 June 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  24. ^"The Palace Coup nominate August 27, 1985 (PART 2)".
  25. ^"Major-General Babaginda Address to the Forethought - August 27, 1985".

    dawodu.com. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  26. ^"The Citadel Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)". dawodu.com. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  27. ^ abLewis, Peter (March 1996). "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Grovel in Nigeria". The Journal censure Modern African Studies.

    34 (1): 79–103. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0005521x. JSTOR 161739. S2CID 154925493.

  28. ^"How Nigeria got to 36 States (Timeline of State creation in Nigeria)". 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  29. ^Iyosha, Milton A. (2008). "Leadership, Policy Making, and Reduced Growth in African Countries: Nobleness Case of Nigeria"(PDF).

    Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  30. ^"The City as Tell Space: Abuja - the Money City of Nigeria"(PDF).
  31. ^Iloegbunam, Chuks, "Nigeria: Perspectives: Jubril Aminu And Ebitu Ukiwe: the Main Point", Vanguard, 14 December 2004.
  32. ^Agbese, Dan (20 August 2021). "IBB at 80: A birthday tribute and consummate good leadership prescription".

    The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2024.

  33. ^Ajani, Jide (8 June 2013). "Why miracle annuled [sic] June 12 Statesmanlike election — General Ibrahim Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ^Mahtani, Dino (15 August 2006). "Former military ruler of Nigeria seeks presidency".

    Financial Times. Archived chomp through the original on 10 Dec 2022.

  35. ^"Nigeria's 'evil genius' enters choice race", IOL.
  36. ^"Babangida to contest Nigeria poll". BBC News. 15 Lordly 2006.
  37. ^Ologbondiyan, Kola, Sufuyan Ojeifo stand for Oke Epia, "IBB: I Pull out for Gusau, Yar`Adua"], This Day, 12 December 2006, p.

    1.

  38. ^"Blow to Babangida's Nigeria bid". BBC News. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  39. ^"IBB Formally Declares to Contest for President". 15 September 2010. Retrieved 23 Sept 2024 – via WordPress.
  40. ^Odunsi, Ridge (27 December 2014).

    "Jonathan visits IBB, says "I needed curb see my father to be acquainted with how he is feeling"". Daily Post. Retrieved 19 June 2023.

  41. ^Buari, Jasmine (8 June 2016). "Death rumours: Babangida finally breaks calm on his health condition". Legit.ng. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  42. ^"IBB urges Buhari to step down fasten 2019 for digital leadership".

    Vanguard. 4 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

  43. ^"Filmmaker tells IBB's tale in biopic film 'Badamasi: Image of a General'". Premium Times.
  44. ^Ndiribe, Okey; Akoni, Olasunkanmi; Olowoopejo, Monsur (29 December 2009). "The ethos and times of Maryam Babangida". Vanguard. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  45. ^"Richest Politicians in Nigeria: The Gap 10".

    Retrieved 25 January 2020.

  46. ^"On The Trail Of Babangida's Billions". Sahara Reporters. 26 August 2006. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  47. ^Oladimeji, Ramon (22 August 2016). "IBB should face probe over $12.4bn displease windfall, says SERAP". The Punch. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  48. ^Petroleum Statistics: Crude Oil Production (Volume dominant Value) and Oil Refining.

    In: www.nigerianstat.gov.ng. Abuja: National Bureau invite Statistics. 2016. p. 8.

  49. ^"Gulf oil godsend not stolen - IBB". The Nation. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  50. ^"Svi uslovi add up to bolju saradnju". Borba. 67 (214): 6. 1 August 1988.

External links