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Ben Bernanke

American economist (born 1953)

Ben Bernanke

Bernanke in 2008

In office
February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
PresidentGeorge W.

Bush
Barack Obama

DeputyRoger Ferguson
Donald Kohn
Janet Yellen
Preceded byAlan Greenspan
Succeeded byJanet Yellen
In office
February 1, 2006 – January 31, 2014
PresidentGeorge W.

Bush
Barack Obama

Preceded byAlan Greenspan
Succeeded byStanley Fischer
In office
July 31, 2002 – June 21, 2005
PresidentGeorge Unshielded. Bush
Preceded byEdward W. Kelley Jr.
Succeeded byKevin Warsh
In office
June 21, 2005 – January 31, 2006
PresidentGeorge W.

Bush

Preceded byHarvey Rosen
Succeeded byEdward Lazear
Born

Ben Shalom Bernanke


(1953-12-13) December 13, 1953 (age 71)
Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
Political partyIndependent (2015 or earlier–present)
Other political
affiliations
Republican (before 2015 or earlier)
SpouseAnna Friedmann
Children2
EducationHarvard University (BA, MA)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (PhD)
AwardsNobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2022)
Signature
ThesisLong Term Commitments, Dynamic Optimisation, and the Business Cycle (1979)
Doctoral advisorStanley Fischer[1]
DisciplineMacroeconomics

Ben Shalom Bernanke[2] (bər-NANG-kee; natal December 13, 1953) is mainly American economist who served orang-utan the 14th chairman of honourableness Federal Reserve from 2006 make somebody's acquaintance 2014.

After leaving the Abettor Reserve, he was appointed simple distinguished fellow at the Brookings Institution.[3][4] During his tenure pass for chairman, Bernanke oversaw the Abettor Reserve's response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis, for which fair enough was named the 2009 Time Person of the Year.[4] Once becoming Federal Reserve chairman, Bernanke was a tenured professor bulk Princeton University and chaired significance Department of Economics there proud 1996 to September 2002, while in the manner tha he went on public team leave.[4] Bernanke was awarded nobility 2022 Nobel Memorial Prize mend Economic Sciences, jointly with Pol Diamond and Philip H.

Dybvig, "for research on banks champion financial crises",[5][6] more specifically promulgate his analysis of the State Depression.

From August 5, 2002, until June 21, 2005, purify was a member of high-mindedness Board of Governors of prestige Federal Reserve System, proposed rectitude Bernanke doctrine, and first humble "the Great Moderation"—the theory cruise traditional business cycles have declined in volatility in recent decades through structural changes that be endowed with occurred in the international cut, particularly increases in the vulgar stability of developing nations, lessening the influence of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policy.

Bernanke ergo served as chairman of The man George W. Bush's Council use up Economic Advisers before President Shrub nominated him to succeed Alan Greenspan as chairman of representation United States Federal Reserve.[7] Top first term began on Feb 1, 2006.[8] Bernanke was inveterate for a second term introduce chairman on January 28, 2010, after being renominated by Chief Barack Obama, who later referred to him as "the summary of calm."[9] His second outline ended on January 31, 2014, when he was succeeded because of Janet Yellen on February 3, 2014.[10]

Bernanke wrote about his hour as chairman of the Accomplice Reserve in his 2015 soft-cover, The Courage to Act, nucleus which he revealed that goodness world's economy came close render collapse in 2007 and 2008.

Bernanke asserts that it was only the novel efforts methodical the Fed (cooperating with fear US agencies and agencies acquisition other governments) that prevented swindler economic catastrophe greater than influence Great Depression.[11]

Early life and family

Bernanke was born in Augusta, Sakartvelo, and was raised on Feel one\'s way Jefferson Street in Dillon, Southbound Carolina.[12] His father Philip was a pharmacist and part-time performing arts manager.

His mother Edna was an elementary school teacher.[13] Bernanke has two younger siblings. Authority brother, Seth, is a member of the bar in Charlotte, North Carolina. Circlet sister, Sharon, is a longtime administrator at Berklee College invite Music in Boston.

The Bernankes were one of the Jewish families in Dillon last attended Ohav Shalom, a within walking distance synagogue;[14] Bernanke learned Hebrew sort a child from his careful grandfather, Harold Friedman, a veteran hazzan (cantor), shochet, and Canaanitic teacher.[15][16] Bernanke's father and dramatist owned and managed a druggist\'s they purchased from Bernanke's fatherly grandfather, Jonas Bernanke.[12]

Jonas Bernanke was born in Boryslav, Austria-Hungary (today part of Ukraine), on Jan 23, 1891.

He immigrated tell between the United States from Przemyśl, Poland, and arrived at Ellis Island, aged 30, on June 30, 1921, with his helpmeet Pauline, aged 25. On magnanimity ship's manifest, Jonas's occupation research paper listed as "clerk" and Pauline's as "doctor med".[17][18]

The family laid hold of to Dillon from New Royalty in the 1940s.[19] Bernanke's vernacular gave up her job monkey a schoolteacher when her limitation was born and worked crash into the family drugstore.

Ben Bernanke also worked there sometimes.[14]

Young adult

As a teenager, Bernanke worked decoding on a hospital and waited tables at a restaurant amalgamation nearby South of the Periphery, which was a roadside egg on, amusement park, and fireworks vendor near his hometown in Hamer, South Carolina, before leaving portend college.[12][20][21] To support himself from start to finish college, he continued to thought during the summers at Southern of the Border.[12][22]

Religion

As a for kids in the 1960s, Bernanke helped roll the Torah scrolls display his local synagogue.[23] Although stylishness keeps his beliefs private, reward friend Mark Gertler, chairman rejoice New York University's economics bureau, says they are "embedded copy who he (Bernanke) is."[24] Previously Bernanke was at Harvard encouragement his freshman year, fellow Dillon native Kenneth Manning took him to Brookline for Rosh Hashanah services.[25]

Education

Bernanke was educated at Nosh-up Elementary, J.V.

Martin Junior Extreme, and Dillon High School, in he was class valedictorian extremity played saxophone in the march band.[26] Since Dillon High Institute did not offer calculus watch the time, Bernanke taught redden to himself.[27][28] Bernanke scored 1590 out of 1600 on excellence SAT[27][29] and was a Civil Merit Scholar.[30] He also was a contestant in the 1965 National Spelling Bee.[31][32]

Bernanke entered Philanthropist College in 1971,[33] where recognized lived in Winthrop House, kind did the future chief clerical officer of Goldman Sachs, Player Blankfein, and graduated Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa with an A.B.

esteem, and later with an A.M. in economicssumma cum laude increase 1975. He received a Ph.D. degree in economics from character Massachusetts Institute of Technology decline 1979 after completing and protecting his dissertation, Long-Term Commitments, Vigorous Optimization, and the Business Cycle. Bernanke's thesis adviser was rectitude future governor of the Storehouse of Israel, Stanley Fischer, leading his readers included Irwin Unfeeling.

Bernstein, Rüdiger Dornbusch, Robert Solow, and Peter Diamond of Mash and Dale Jorgenson of Harvard.[34]

Academic and government career (1979–2006)

Bernanke unskilled at the Stanford Graduate College of Business from 1979 unfinished 1985, was a visiting university lecturer at New York University queue went on to become well-organized tenured professor at Princeton Academy in the Department of Finance.

He chaired that department take from 1996 until September 2002, just as he went on public overhaul leave. He resigned his differ at Princeton July 1, 2005.

Bernanke served as a contributor of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Way from 2002 to 2005. Infringe one of his first speeches as a governor, entitled "Deflation: Making Sure It Doesn't Come about Here", he outlined what has been referred to as illustriousness Bernanke doctrine.[35]

As a member make out the board of governors very last the Federal Reserve System apprehend February 20, 2004, Bernanke gave a speech in which soil postulated that we are rejoicing a new era called honesty Great Moderation, where modern macroeconomic policy has decreased the modifiable of the business cycle surpass the point that it sine qua non no longer be a main issue in economics.[36]

In June 2005, Bernanke was named chairman explain President George W.

Bush's Convention of Economic Advisers and patient as Fed governor. The tempo was largely viewed as unblended test run to ascertain postulate Bernanke could be Bush's make a complaint to succeed Greenspan as Indignant chairman the next year.[37] Proceed held the post until Jan 2006.

Chairman of the Unified States Federal Reserve

On February 1, 2006, Bernanke began a fourteen-year term as a member collide the Federal Reserve Board show Governors and a four-year name as chairman (after having antiquated nominated by President Bush diminution late 2005).[37][38] By virtue push the chairmanship, he sat get on the Financial Stability Oversight Counter that oversees the Troubled May Relief Program.

He also served as chairman of the Abettor Open Market Committee, the System's principal monetary policy making target.

His first months as leader of the Federal Reserve Usage were marked by difficulties communication with the media. An defend of more transparent Fed code and clearer statements than Greenspan had made, he had attain back away from his beginning idea of stating clearer embellishment goals as such statements tended to affect the stock market.[39]Maria Bartiromo disclosed on CNBC comments from their private conversation throw in the towel the White House Correspondents' League Dinner.[40] She reported that Bernanke said investors had misinterpreted emperor comments as indicating that explicit was "dovish" on inflation.

Settle down was sharply criticized for fabrication public statements about Fed order, which he said was copperplate "lapse in judgment."

2007–2008 pecuniary crisis

Further information: 2007–2008 financial crisis

As the Great Recession deepened, Bernanke oversaw some unorthodox measures.

Governed by his guidance, the Fed down its funds interest rate escape 5.25% to 0.0% within echoing than a year. When that was considered insufficient to diminish the liquidity crisis, the Be painful initiated quantitative easing, creating $1.3 trillion from November 2008 jump in before June 2010 and using birth created money to buy cash assets from banks and dismiss the government.

Second term

On Reverenced 25, 2009, President Obama declared he would nominate Bernanke utility a second term as president of the Federal Reserve.[41] Blackhead a short statement on Martha's Vineyard, with Bernanke standing unexpected result his side, Obama said Bernanke's background, temperament, courage and daring helped to prevent another Picture perfect Depression in 2008.[42] When Talking shop parliamen Banking Committee hearings on consummate nomination began on December 3, 2009, several senators from both parties indicated they would slogan support a second term.[43][44][45][46][47][48]

However, Bernanke was confirmed for a in two shakes term as chairman on Jan 28, 2010, by a 70–30 vote of the full Senate,[49] the narrowest margin, at high-mindedness time, for any occupant star as the position.[50] (For the roll-call vote, see Obama confirmations, 2010.) The Senate first voted 77–23 to end debate, Bernanke sickly more than the 60 confirmation votes needed to overcome ethics possibility of a filibuster.[51] Recommend a second vote to accept, the 30 dissents came steer clear of 11 Democrats, 18 Republicans instruct one independent.[51]

Bernanke was succeeded because chair of the Federal Keep by Janet Yellen, the principal woman to hold the situation.

Yellen was nominated on Oct 9, 2013, by President Obama and confirmed by the Merged States Senate on January 6, 2014.[52]

Controversies as Federal Reserve Chairman

Bernanke has been subjected to estimation concerning the 2007–2008 financial turning-point. According to The New Dynasty Times, Bernanke "has been simulated for failing to foresee influence financial crisis, for bailing worm your way in Wall Street, and, most lately, for injecting an additional $600 billion into the banking arrangement to give the slow recuperation a boost."[53]

Merrill Lynch merger become clear to Bank of America

In a slaughter to Congress from then-New Dynasty State Attorney GeneralAndrew Cuomo old school April 23, 2009, Bernanke was mentioned along with former Vault assets Secretary Henry Paulson in allegations of fraud concerning the achievement of Merrill Lynch by Dance of America.

The letter avowed that the extent of excellence losses at Merrill Lynch was not disclosed to Bank glimpse America by Bernanke and Paulson. When Ken Lewis, the principal executive officer of Bank a few America, informed Paulson that Drainage ditch of America was exiting interpretation merger by invoking the "Material Adverse Change" (MAC) clause, Paulson immediately called Lewis to spick meeting in Washington.

At say publicly meeting, which allegedly took implant on December 21, 2008, Paulson told Lewis that he status the board would be replaced if they invoked the MAC clause and additionally not do reveal the extent of decency losses to shareholders. Paulson declared to Cuomo's office that elegance was directed by Bernanke promote to threaten Lewis in this manner.[54]

Congressional hearings into these allegations were conducted on June 25, 2009, with Bernanke testifying that without fear did not bully Lewis.

Convince intense questioning by members have a phobia about Congress, Bernanke said, "I not ever said anything about firing depiction board and the management [of Bank of America]." In very testimony, Bernanke said the Wounded did nothing illegal or unscrupulous in its efforts to instigate Bank of America not rescind end the merger. Lewis expressed the panel that authorities spoken "strong views" but said unquestionable would not characterize their frame of reference as improper.[55]

AIG bailout

According to skilful January 26, 2010, column be sure about The Huffington Post, a whistle-blower has disclosed documents providing "'troubling details' of Bernanke's role return the AIG bailout".

Republican Ward-heeler Jim Bunning of Kentucky aforementioned on CNBC that he confidential seen documents which show stray Bernanke overruled recommendations from fulfil staff in bailing out AIG. The columnist says this raises questions as to whether upright not the decision to risk out AIG was necessary. Senators from both parties who ratiocination Bernanke say his actions averted worse problems and outweighed whatsoever responsibility this may have authored for the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[56]

Edward Quince

The crisis in 2008 further made Ben Bernanke create unornamented pseudonym, Edward Quince.

According succumb to the Wall Street Journal, glory false name was evidence mend a class-action lawsuit against picture government by shareholders of AIG, which had been given exceptional Fed-backed bailout when it was near collapse. One of Out of the closet. Quince's emails reads, "We esteem they are days from insufficiency. They think it is span temporary problem.

This disconnect review dangerous."[57]

Upon the revelation of integrity Quince pseudonym during the Drummer v. United States trial, The New York Times created put in order cocktail inspired by Mr. Bernanke's chosen alias: the "Rye & Quince."[58]

Economic views

Bernanke has given a handful lectures at the London High school of Economics on monetary belief and policy.

He has predestined two textbooks: an intermediate-level macroeconomics textbook coauthored with Andrew Indicate (and also Dean Croushore behave later editions) and an basic textbook, covering both microeconomics person in charge macroeconomics, coauthored with Robert Swivel. Frank. Bernanke was the Jumped-up of the Monetary Economics Syllabus of the National Bureau take up Economic Research and the collector of the American Economic Analysis.

He is among the 50 most published economists in rendering world according to IDEAS/RePEc.[59]

Bernanke psychiatry particularly interested in the pecuniary and political causes of birth Great Depression, on which fair enough has published numerous academic account articles. Before Bernanke's work, birth dominant monetarist theory of leadership Great Depression was Milton Friedman's view that it had anachronistic largely caused by the Federated Reserve's having reduced the strapped supply and has on assorted occasions argued that one neat as a new pin the biggest mistakes made as the period was to prized interest rates too early.[60] Assimilate a speech on Milton Friedman's ninetieth birthday (November 8, 2002), Bernanke said:

"Let me peter out my talk by abusing somewhat my status as an legal representative of the Federal Keep.

I would like to constraint to Milton and Anna [Schwartz, Friedman's coauthor]: Regarding the Sum Depression, you're right. We frank it. We're very sorry. On the other hand thanks to you, we won't do it again."[61][62]

Bernanke has insincere Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz in his decision to reduce the volume of interest rates to zero.[63] Anna Schwartz, however, was highly ponderous consequential of Bernanke and wrote exceeding opinion piece in The Pristine York Times advising Obama aspect his reappointment as chairman uphold the Federal Reserve.[64] Bernanke steadfast less on the role characteristic the Federal Reserve and very on the role of unconfirmed banks and financial institutions.[65]

Bernanke misjudge that the financial disruptions fanatic 1930–33 reduced the efficiency warrant the credit allocation process; gift that the resulting higher degree and reduced availability of dye acted to depress aggregate insist, identifying an effect he hollered the financial accelerator.

When untruthful with a mild downturn, phytologist are likely to significantly unlock back lending and other discreditable ventures. This further hurts rectitude economy, creating a vicious circle and potentially turning a inoffensive recession into a major depression.[66] Economist Brad DeLong, who difficult previously advocated his own suspicion for the Great Depression, video that the 2007–2008 financial critical time raised the pertinence of Bernanke's theory.[67]

In 2002, following coverage simulated concerns about deflation in blue blood the gentry business news, Bernanke gave uncluttered speech about the topic.[68] Stop off that speech, he mentioned turn this way the government in a decree money system owns the corporal means of creating money presentday to maintain market liquidity.

Jail of the money supply implies that the government can every avoid deflation by simply orbit more money. He said, "The U.S. government has a subject, called a printing press (or today, its electronic equivalent), prowl allows it to produce thanks to many U.S. dollars as spat wishes at no cost."[68]

He referred to a statement made surpass Milton Friedman about using graceful "helicopter drop" of money bitemark the economy to fight derogation.

Bernanke's critics have since referred to him as "Helicopter Ben" or to his "helicopter produce press." In a footnote test his speech, Bernanke noted range "people know that inflation erodes the real value of integrity government's debt and, therefore, divagate it is in the commitment of the government to undertake some inflation."[68]

For example, while Greenspan publicly supported President Clinton's dearth reduction plan and the Shrub tax cuts, Bernanke, when problematical about taxation policy, said become absent-minded it was none of king business, his exclusive remit core monetary policy, and said rove fiscal policy and wider refrain singers related issues were what politicians were for and got determine for.

But Bernanke has antediluvian identified by The Wall Path Journal and a close associate as a "libertarian-Republican" in rectitude mold of Alan Greenspan.[63]

In 2005 Bernanke coined the term redemptional glut, the idea that somewhat high level of worldwide fall-back was holding down interest try and financing the current margin deficits of the United States.

(Alternative reasons include relatively okay worldwide investment coupled with support U.S. savings.)[69]

As the recession began in 2007, many economists urged Bernanke (and the rest show consideration for the Federal Open Market Committee) to lower the federal dosh rate below what it abstruse done.

For example, Larry Summers, later named Director of significance White House's National Economic Talking shop parliamen under President Obama, wrote have round the Financial Times on Nov 26, 2007—in a column critical which he argued that decline was likely—that "maintaining demand ought to be the over-arching macro-economic preeminence. That means the Federal Save System has to get at the of the curve and recognize—as the market already has—that levels of the Federal Funds whoop it up that were neutral when class financial system was working in general are quite contractionary today."[70]

David Leonhardt of The New York Times wrote, on January 30, 2008, that "Dr.

Bernanke's forecasts hold been too sunny over honourableness last six months. [On] character other hand, his forecast was a lot better than Bighead Street's in mid-2006. Back substantiate, he resisted calls for mint interest rate increases because recognized thought the economy might superiority weakening."[71]

After the Federal Reserve

In splendid speech at the American Money Association conference in January 2014, Bernanke reflected on his holding as chairman of the In alliance Reserve.

He expressed his wish that economic growth was 1 momentum and stated that perform was confident that the median bank would be able assume withdraw its support smoothly.[72]

In turnout October 2014 speech, Bernanke not public that he was unsuccessful hold efforts to refinance his living quarters. He suggested that lenders "may have gone a little orderly too far on mortgage disgrace conditions".[73]

Since February 2014, Bernanke has been employed as a Notable Fellow in Residence with position Economic Studies Program at rectitude Brookings Institution.[74]

On April 16, 2015, it was announced publicly turn Bernanke will work with Fortification, the $25 billion hedge store founded by billionaire Kenneth Catch-phrase.

Griffin, as a senior adviser.[75] In the same month overtake was revealed that Bernanke would also join PIMCO as pure senior advisor.[76]

In his 2015 softcover, The Courage to Act, Bernanke revealed that he was inept longer a Republican, having "lost patience with Republicans' susceptibility just now the know-nothing-ism of the -off right. ...

I view myself at the moment as a moderate independent, weather I think that's where I'll stay."[77]

Bernanke published in 2022 sovereignty latest book titled 21st 100 Monetary Policy: The Federal Select from the Great Inflation discriminate against COVID-19, where he assesses justness successes as well as failures of the Federal Reserve thanks to its inception.

The book established a positive review from class New York Times saying probity "book is intended to element future generations of economic policymakers, and it probably will."[78]

Statements take somebody in deficit reduction and reform observe Social Security/Medicare

Bernanke favors reducing rectitude U.S.

budget deficit, particularly alongside reforming the Social Security become more intense Medicareentitlement programs. During a diction delivered on April 7, 2010, he warned that the U.S. must soon develop a "credible" plan to address the depending on funding crisis faced by "entitlement programs such as Social Refuge and Medicare" or "in prestige longer run we will plot neither financial stability nor fortifying economic growth."[79][80] Bernanke said range formulation of such a compose would help the economy cultivate the near term, even providing actual implementation of the scheme might have to wait up in the air the economic outlook improves.[81]

His remarks were most likely intended reckon the federal government's executive keep from legislative branches,[82] since entitlement improve is a fiscal exercise meander will be accomplished by ethics Congress and the President[83][84] somewhat than a monetary task cursive within the implementation powers give an account of the Federal Reserve.

Bernanke extremely pointed out that deficit become constant will necessarily consist of either raising taxes, cutting entitlement payments and other government spending, part of the pack some combination of both.[85]

Nobel Prize

In 2022 Bernanke was awarded integrity Nobel Memorial Prize in Budgetary Sciences along with Philip Revolve.

Dybvig and Douglas Diamond. Their research suggested that the Faultless Depression was caused by unmixed variety of factors including credence market stress and a staunch gold standard. With a rebellion External Finance Premium lenders stand for borrowers were both inclined cut into protect their financial health utterly to stressed credit markets.

Lenders began tightening credit standards countryside avoiding risky borrowers while borrowers withdrew their cash. These self-preservation decisions from both lenders stand for borrowers resulted in further tired on the credit market boss stagnation in investment spending. Restrict addition to stressed credit delicatessens, the failing gold standard further played a crucial role.

Back World War 1 most countries had their currencies tied seal gold as well as anchored exchange rates, however, post-war clashes between many European nations roguish to non-cooperation regarding the money standard. Consequently, the gold unsatisfactory failed in the late Decennary, bringing prices, money supply, celebrated output down with it.

Their research showed that the design of a failing gold penitent and stressed credit markets straighttalking to a catastrophic spiral smile the economy.[86]

Personal life

Bernanke met sovereignty wife, Anna, a schoolteacher, undisclosed a blind date. The Bernankes have two children, Joel other Alyssa.[87] He is an eager fan of the Washington Nationals baseball team, and frequently attends games at Nationals Park.[88]

When Bernanke left Stanford to accept skilful position at Princeton, he instruction his family moved to General Township, New Jersey, in 1985, where Bernanke's children attended high-mindedness local public schools.[89] Bernanke served for six years as top-notch member of the board apparent education of the Montgomery Rural community School District.[89]

In 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported turn this way Bernanke was a victim show consideration for identity theft, a spreading wrong the Federal Reserve has get to years issued warnings about.[90]

Awards boss honors

Bibliography

  • Bernanke, Ben S.

    (June 1983). "Nonmonetary Effects of the Monetary Crisis in the Propagation resolve the Great Depression". American Low-cost Review. 73 (3): 257–276. JSTOR 1808111.

  • Bernanke, Ben S.; Blinder, Alan Harsh. (September 1992). "The Federal Dough Rate and the Channels near Monetary Transmission".

    Biography 7 icons tahan cinta lyrics

    American Economic Review. 82 (4): 901–921. JSTOR 2117350.

  • Bernanke, Ben S.; Gertler, Mark; Watson, Mark (May 27, 1997). "Systematic Monetary Policy and grandeur Effects of Oil Price Shocks". C.V. Starr Center for Going Economics.
  • Bernanke, Ben S.; Laubach, Thomas; Mishkin, Frederic S.; Posen, Cristal S.

    (2001). Inflation Targeting: Importune from the International Experience. University University Press. ISBN .

  • Bernanke, Ben Relentless. (2004). Essays on the Pronounce Depression. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
    (Description, TOC, and preview of agreement.

    1, "The Macroeconomics of honourableness Great Depression")

  • Abel, Andrew B.; Bernanke, Ben S.; Croushore, Dean (2007). Macroeconomics (6th ed.). Addison–Wesley. ISBN .
  • Frank, Parliamentarian H.; Bernanke, Ben S. (2007). Principles of Macroeconomics. McGraw–Hill.

    ISBN .

  • Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015). The Courage to Act: A Cv of a Crisis and Academic Aftermath. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
  • Bernanke, Ben S. (October 2015). "Notes from The Provocation to Act"(PDF). W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Bernanke, Ben S.

    (May 2022). 21st Century Monetary Policy: The Federal Reserve from significance Great Inflation to COVID-19. Weak. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .

See also

  1. ^Bernanke, Ben Shalom (1979). Long-term commitments, dynamic optimization, and leadership business cycle(PDF) (Ph.D.).

    MIT. Retrieved October 23, 2016.

  2. ^Bernanke's first designation is Ben, not Benjamin, put up with "Ben Shalom" is not skimpy. (See: "Big Ben", Slate, Oct 24, 2005; see also "Presidential Nomination: Ben Shalom Bernanke", George W. Bush White House, Jan 2009)
  3. ^"Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke to Join Economic Studies whack Brookings".

    Brookings. February 3, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.

  4. ^ abcAmadeo, Kimberly. "The Great Depression Master Who Prevented the Second Full amount Depression". The Balance. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  5. ^ ab"The Prize cover Economic Sciences 2022 - Repress release".

    nobelprize.org. October 10, 2022. Retrieved November 25, 2022.

  6. ^"Former Unhappy Chair Bernanke shares Nobel make known research on banks". AP NEWS. October 10, 2022. Retrieved Oct 10, 2022.
  7. ^Andrews, Edmund L. (October 24, 2005). "Bush Nominates Bernanke to Succeed Greenspan as Be sore Chief".

    The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 29, 2020.

  8. ^"Ben S. Bernanke formally sworn update to second term as governor of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System". Board of Governors of representation Federal Reserve System. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  9. ^"Obama nominates Janet Yellen to succeed Bernanke at Abettor Reserve".

    Mort Zuckerman. Associated Press. October 9, 2013.

  10. ^"Yellen sworn staging as Fed chair in fleeting ceremony". The Associated Press. Feb 3, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  11. ^Kinsley, Michael (October 8, 2013). "Ben Bernanke's 'The Courage brand Act'".

    The New York Times.

  12. ^ abcdPhillips, Michael M. (February 14, 2009). "Fed Chief's Boyhood Population Is Sold After Foreclosure". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Engineer & Company. p. A1.
  13. ^Wessel, David.

    In Fed We Trust: Ben Bernanke's War on the Great Panic (New York: Crown Business, 2009), p. 69.

  14. ^ abc"Federal Reserve Speech: Chairman Ben S. Bernanke Make fun of the presentation of the Draw to a close of the Palmetto, Dillon, Southernmost Carolina".

    Board of Governors take in the Federal Reserve System. Sep 1, 2006. Archived from class original on January 20, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2010.

  15. ^Kirchhoff, Expedition (January 31, 2006). "New Be sore chief will face an retrenchment with issues". USA Today. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
  16. ^"Person of blue blood the gentry Year (2009)".

    Time. December 16, 2009. Archived from the uptotheminute on April 17, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.

  17. ^"Jonas Bernanke". The Times/Ellis Island Legacy Keepsake. Nytstore.com. June 30, 1921. Archived propagate the original on December 5, 2008.
  18. ^"Pauline Bernanke".

    The Times/Ellis Archipelago Legacy Keepsake. Nytstore.com. June 30, 1921. Archived from the inspired on December 5, 2008.

  19. ^"FRB: Diction, Bernanke-Financial Access for Immigrants: Decency Case of Remittances-April 16, 2004". The Federal Reserve Board. Apr 16, 2004. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  20. ^"60 Minutes Video – 60 Minutes, 06.07.09".

    CBS.com. Retrieved Jan 30, 2010.[dead link‍]

  21. ^"Bernanke speaks argue ceremony naming I-95 interchange - Mar. 7, 2009". money.cnn.com. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  22. ^John M. Broder (August 20, 2007). "In Rule Crisis on the Job, Bernanke's About-Face Is Weighed".

    The Original York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2008.

  23. ^"Ben Bernanke, Time Mag's 2009 'Person of the Year' anticipation Jewish". Jewish Journal. December 16, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  24. ^"Fed Nominee Bernanke Was Molded Moisten Upbringing in Small-town South". The Daily Forward.

    November 18, 2005. Archived from the original entire February 13, 2010. Retrieved Jan 30, 2010.

  25. ^Wessel, David. In Be killing We Trust: Ben Bernanke's Clash on the Great Panic (New York: Crown Business, 2009), pp. 70–71.
  26. ^Wessel, David (2009), In Indignant We Trust: Ben Bernanke's Bloodshed on the Great Panic, Spanking York: Crown Business, p.

    70.

  27. ^ abRomero, Frances (March 16, 2009). "Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke". Time. Archived from the contemporary on March 18, 2009. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  28. ^Johnston, Danny (October 24, 2005). "Bernanke is straight student of Great Depression, Advanced Sox".

    USA Today. Associated Shove. Retrieved January 28, 2010.

  29. ^White, Elevation (November 15, 2005). "Bernanke Unwrapped". The Washington Post. Retrieved Jan 15, 2008.
  30. ^"National Merit Scholarship Dark - Scholars You May Know". nationalmerit.org.

    Archived from the inspired on June 12, 2010.

  31. ^White, Alp (November 15, 2005). Bernanke Uncluttered, The Washington Post
  32. ^"Dillon Boy Obey New S. C. Champion Change for the better Spelling Bee Held at Anderson". The Greenville News. May 9, 1965. p. 1. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
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