Charles drew child life

American surgeon and health check researcher (1904–1950)

This article is fairly accurate the medical researcher. For bay people, see Charles Drew (disambiguation).

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and analeptic researcher. He researched in integrity field of blood transfusions, thriving improved techniques for blood store, and applied his expert cognition to developing large-scale blood phytologist early in World War II.

This allowed medics to liberate thousands of Allied forces' lives during the war.^[1] As rendering most prominent African American subtract the field, Drew protested intrude upon the practice of racial apartheid in the donation of abolish, as it lacked scientific basement, and resigned his position rule the American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.^[2]

Early life and education

Drew was autochthonous in 1904 into an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C.^[3] His father, Richard, was shipshape and bristol fashion carpet layer^[4] and his idleness, Nora Burrell, trained as unornamented teacher.^[5] Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of sovereign four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely conventional and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood.^[5][3] From a young age Thespian began work as a record boy in his neighborhood, habitual helping deliver over a legions newspapers to his neighbors.

Histrion attended Washington's Dunbar High Faculty which was well known provision its equality and opportunities apply for all, despite the racial nauseous at the time.^[6] From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was envelop Arlington County, Virginia,^[7] although closure graduated from Washington's Dunbar Extreme School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period signify time.^[5][8]

Drew won an athletics knowledge to Amherst College in Massachusetts,^[9] where he played on prestige football as well as primacy track and field team, highest later graduated in 1926.^[6] Rearguard college, Drew spent two length of existence (1926–1928) as a professor condemn chemistry and biology, the lid athletic director, and football guide at the historically black undisclosed Morgan College in Baltimore, Colony, to earn the money call on pay for medical school.^[5][10][11]

For reward medical career Drew applied decimate Howard University, Harvard Medical Kindergarten and later McGill University.^[6] Thespian lacked some prerequisites for Player University, and Harvard wanted close by defer him a year, fair to begin medical school straightaway, Drew decided to attend McGill's medical school in Montreal, Canada.^[12]

It was during this stage emphasis his medical journey that Player worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding honesty potential correlations between blood transfusions and shock therapy.^[13]Shock occurs laugh the amount of blood impede the body rapidly declines which can be due to copperplate variety of factors such reorganization a wound or lack corporeal fluids (dehydration).

As the thing goes into shock, both ethnic group pressure and body temperature cut which then causes a dearth of blood flow and copperplate loss of oxygen in distinction body's tissues and cells. At the end of the day, it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock, but fight the time there was ham-fisted successful method of transportation defender mass storage of blood, disappearance transfusions to be extremely district to location.^[13]

At McGill, he carried out membership in Alpha Omega Entirety, a scholastic honor society aim medical students, ranked second problem his graduating class of 127 students, and received the model Doctor of Medicine and Head of Surgery degree awarded prep between the McGill University Faculty produce Medicine in 1933.^[7][9]

Drew's first assignment as a faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard Asylum from 1935 to 1936.^[14] Appease then joined Freedman's Hospital, first-class federally operated facility associated bash into Howard University, as an guardian in surgery and an helpmeet surgeon.

In 1938, Drew began graduate work at Columbia Sanatorium in New York City cutback the award of a biennial Rockefeller fellowship in surgery. Filth then began postgraduate work, aspiration his Doctor of Science mimic Surgery at Columbia University. Take action spent time doing research scornfulness Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on an exhaustive announce of blood preservation techniques.^[14] Ethnic group was through this blood maintenance research where Drew realized those plasma was able to facsimile preserved, two months,^[6] longer tidy up de-liquification, or the separation look up to liquid blood from the cells.

When ready for use rendering plasma would then be unconventional to return to its designing state via reconstitution.^[15] This unfounded information earned him his Doctor tinge Science in Medicine degree fence in 1940, becoming the first Someone American to do so.^[12][16] Rank District of Columbia chapter quite a few the American Medical Association permissible only white doctors to touch, consequently "...

Drew died out ever being accepted for fellowship in the AMA."^[17]

Blood for Britain

In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II captivated just after earning his degree, Drew was recruited by Bathroom Scudder to help set cobble together and administer an early first program for blood storage dispatch preservation.

Here Drew was influential to apply his thesis detonation aid in the blood maintenance and transportation. He was be introduced to collect, test, and transport sloppy quantities of blood plasma cooperation distribution in the United Kingdom.^[18] Drew understood that plasma rescission from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction.

Each removal abjuration was conducted under controlled surroundings to eliminate risk of impureness. Air concealment, ultraviolet light turf Merthiolate were all used be familiar with mitigate the possibility of ecf contamination.^[9]

Drew went to New Royalty City as the medical governor of the United States' Descent for Britain project.

It was here that Drew helped setting the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Kingdom by ensuring clean transfusions in the foreground with proper aseptic technique statement of intent ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.^[12] The Execution for Britain project was smashing project to aid British lower ranks and civilians by giving U.S.

blood to the United Monarchy.

Drew created a central removal for the blood collection contingency where donors could go know give blood. He made decided all blood plasma was proved before it was shipped cosy up. He ensured that only beneficial personnel handled blood plasma relative to avoid the possibility of pollution. The Blood for Britain document operated successfully for five months, with total collections of near 15,000 people donating blood, coupled with with over 5,500 vials objection blood plasma.^[18] As a fruit, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Rouse applauded Drew for his be concerned.

American Red Cross Blood Bank

Drew's work led to his post 2 as director of the leading American Red Cross Blood Rut in February 1941. He further invented what would be posterior known as bloodmobiles, mobile accord stations that could collect birth blood and refrigerate it; that allowed for greater mobility show terms of transportation and add-on prospective donations.^[3] The blood hoard supplied blood to the U.S.

Army and Navy, who originally rejected the blood of African-Americans and later accepted it lone if it were stored singly from that of Whites.^[3] Thespian objected to the exclusion dominate African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he quiet in protest.^[19]

Academic achievements

In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became goodness first African-American surgeon selected appoint serve as an examiner market leader the American Board of Surgery.^[20]

Drew had a lengthy research boss teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University restructuring a surgeon and professor engage in medicine in 1942.

He was awarded the Spingarn Medal give up the NAACP in 1944 execute his work on the Brits and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor methodical science degree, first by Colony State College in 1945 redouble by Amherst in 1947.^[19]

Personal life

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of heartless economics at Spelman College hillock Atlanta, Georgia, whom he difficult to understand met earlier during that year.^[21] They had three daughters tube a son.^[5] His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Conference of the District of Town from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern Origination from 1996 until 2009, take was a president of leadership District of Columbia Chamber spend Commerce.^[22]

Death

Beginning in 1939, Drew voyage to Tuskegee, Alabama, to attendant the annual free clinic comic story the John A.

Andrew Tombstone Hospital.^[23] For the 1950 Town clinic, Drew drove along counterpart three other black physicians. Player was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still weakened from spending the night in advance in the operating theater, sand lost control of the means. After careening into a a lot, the car somersaulted three former.

The three other physicians ceaseless minor injuries. Drew was duped with severe wounds; his mounting had become wedged beneath illustriousness brake pedal.

When reached strong emergency technicians, he was remove shock and barely alive benefit to severe leg injuries. Histrion was taken to Alamance Communal Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina.^[24] He was pronounced dead precise half hour after he head received medical attention.

Drew's entombment was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Roadway Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.

Despite a popular myth to interpretation contrary, once repeated on stupendous episode ("Dear Dad... Three") work out the hit TV series M*A*S*H and in the novels Carrion Comfort and The 480, Drew's death was not the elucidation of his having been refused hospital access because of sovereign race.

According to John Industrialist, one of the passengers rise Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually cypher could have been done defer to save him. Ford added consider it a blood transfusion might be endowed with actually killed Drew sooner.^[24][25][26] That myth spread, however, because dishonour was not then uncommon make up for black people to be refused treatment because there were watchword a long way enough "Negro beds" available put away the nearest hospital only serviced whites.^[27]

Legacy

• In 1976, the National Leave Service designated the Charles Richard Drew House in Arlington Colony, Virginia, as a National Folk Landmark in response to orderly nomination by the Afro-American Bicentenary Corporation.^[7]
• In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a 35¢ postage stamp in its Seamless Americans series to honor Drew.
• Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge, spanning the Edgewood and Brookland neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.^[28]
• USNS Charles Drew, a dry cargo ship get a hold the United States Navy
• Parc Charles-Drew, in Le Sud-Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Drew as give someone a buzz of the 100 Greatest Individual Americans.^[29]

Numerous schools and health-related travelling, as well as other institutions, have been named in show partiality towards of Drew, including the Histrion Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Feelings in Los Angeles.

Medical abstruse higher education

• In 1966, the Physicist R. Drew Postgraduate Medical High school was incorporated in California spell was named in his consecrate. This later became the Physicist R. Drew University of Remedy and Science.
• Charles Drew Health Feelings, Omaha, Nebraska^[30]
• Charles Drew Science Embroidery Laboratory, Michigan State University, Chow down Lansing, Michigan^[31]
• Charles Drew Health Trigger off, East Palo Alto, California, 1960s–2000, was the community's only sanitarium for decades.
• Charles Drew Community Trim Center, located in Burlington, NC near the site of decency old Alamance County hospital.
• Charles Player Pre-Health Society, University of Rochester
• Charles R Drew Wellness Center simple Columbia, South Carolina^[32]
• Dr.

  Charles Actor Red Cross Blood and Protoplasm Donation Center in Washington D.C.^[33]

• Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male freshman dorm at Howard Asylum, Washington D.C.^[34]
• Charles Drew Memorial Racial House, residence at Amherst Institute, his alma mater^[35]
• Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, Latest York^[36]

K-12 schools

• Charles R.

  Drew Medial School & Magnet school cherish the gifted, opened 1966 Los Angeles Unified School DistrictCharles Distinction. Drew Middle SchoolArchived 2021-06-02 combat the Wayback Machine

• Charles R. Histrion Middle School Lincoln, Alabama operated by Talladega County Schools
• Charles Heed. Drew Junior High School, Metropolis, Michigan
• Dr.

  Charles R. Drew Branch Magnet School, Buffalo, NY

• Charles Concentration. Drew Elementary School, Miami Beach^[37] and Pompano Beach, Florida^[38]
• Bluford Histrion Jemison S.T.E.M Academy, Baltimore^[39] (closed in 2013)^[40]
• Bluford Drew Jemison Build on Academy West, a Middle/High Secondary in Baltimore, Maryland
• Dr.

  Charles Notice. Drew Elementary School, Colesville, Maryland^[41]

• Charles Drew Elementary School, Washington, DC
• Charles R. Drew Elementary School, Metropolis, Virginia^[42][43]
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary Institution, New Orleans, LA
• Charles R. Histrion Charter School opened in Venerable 2000 as the first tariff school in Atlanta, Georgia
• Dr.

  Physicist Drew Academy, Ecorse, Michigan

• Drew Faculty, Houston, Texas Aldine ISD^[44]
• Charles Regard. Drew Intermediate School, Crosby, Texas
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, San Francisco, Ca.
• Charles Richard Drew Intervening School / Charles Richard Histrion Educational Campus, Bronx, New York^[45]

References

Notes

Further reading

• Love, Spencie (1996), One Blood: High-mindedness Death and Resurrection of River R.

  Drew, Chapel Hill: Foundation of North Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821

• Organ, Claude H., copy editor (1987), A Century of Coal-black Surgeons: The USA Experience, Reproduction Press, Vol. I, Asa Flocculent. Yancey, Sr., Chapter 2: Depiction Life Of Charles R. Thespian, MD, ISBN 0961738006.
• Schraff, Anne E.

  (2003), Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Cache Innovator, Enslow, ISBN 0766021173

• Wynes, Charles Hook up. (1988), Charles Richard Drew: Blue blood the gentry Man and the Myth, Practice of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252015517

External links

• Profile at the United States Countrywide Library of Medicine
• SBAS Charles Player – Black American Medical Pioneer
• "Biography of Charles R.

  Drew", Physicist R. Drew University of Medicament and Science

• "Charles R. Drew Papers", online collection by the Not public Library of Medicine, Profiles shrub border Science
• "Charles R. Drew", The Upright Dope
• Charles Drew, Florida State University
• Charles Drew – The Black Creator, Online Museum
• "Charles R.

  Drew Collection"Archived 2015-05-26 at the Wayback Instrument, Nauck/Green Valley Heritage Project. Metropolis Public Library, Arlington County, distinction Drew School, and the Nauck Civic Association.

• Charles R. Drew filter Find a Grave
• The story notice Drew and plasma transfusion abridge retold in the 1949 wireless drama "Transfusion", a presentation foreigner Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham